جرم وسزا کا اسلامی تصور: معاشرتی اثرات کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ

Islam provides a systematic system of crime and punishment through the Qur'an. The Qur'an first urges everyone to believe in Allah and the Last Day. And after that he commands piety. In the presence of which man's heart and mind remain free from sin. The Qur'an presents the concept of a society in which everyone meets his basic needs and desires in a legitimate way. And it does not have to resort to illegal and criminal means to meet these needs. When crime is not eliminated in these two ways, then the state orders the imposition of  sanctions. Islam is not limited to severe punishments. It calls for the establishment of a social system in which there is no room for crime. Even so, if a person commits a crime, the state punishes him as a warning. People can learn from these punishments and refrain from following the path of sin. The Qur'an also commands a group of Muslims to be present at the time of punishment.

Statistical Tests for the Analysis of Human Genetic Linkage

There are many tests of inheritance based upon sibling information for diseases that have late onset. The N-test (Green et al. 1983) is one of these tests, which utilizes information from affected siblings. The N-test is the count in affected siblings of the most frequently occurring haplotype from the father plus the analogous count from the mother. When applied to haplotypes, the N-test excludes recombinant families from the analysis and assumes that parental genotypes are heterozygous. But in real world data sets, generally in Asia and particularly in Pakistan, the case of heterogeneity of parents genotyping were not exist and therefore recombinant families are found more frequently. In this study we modified the N-test to be based on alleles instead of haplotypes. This modified allele-based N-test can include all families (recombinant as well as nonrecombinant). We carried out a simulation study to compare the power of the allele-based N-test with the powers of the S a l l and S p a i r s nonparametric statistics as computed by MERLIN. The powers of the allelebased N-test, S a l l and S p a i r s statistics are identical to each other for iii affected sibships of size 2 and 3. For affected sibships of larger sizes, the powers of the S a l l and S p a i r s statistics are larger than the power of allelebased N-test. These simulation-based results are consistent with earlier results based on analytical computations. Gene-mapping studies regularly rely on examination for Mendelian transmission of marker alleles in a pedigree, as a way of screening for genotyping errors and mutations. For analysis of family data sets, it is usually necessary to resolve or remove the genotyping errors prior to analysis. At the Center of Inherited Disease Research (CIDR), to deal with their large-scale data flow, they formalized their data cleaning approach in a set of rules based on PedCheck output. We examine via carefully designed simulations that how well CIDR’s data cleaning rules work in practice. We found that genotype errors in siblings are detected more often than in parents for less polymorphic SNPs and vice versa for more polymorphic SNPs. Through computer simulation, we conclude that some of the CIDR’s rules work poorly in some situations and we suggest a set of modified data cleaning rules that may work better than CIDR’s rules.