پروفیسر عبد الحق نے تحقیق کے میدان میں اپنا لوہا منوایا اور پھر تنقید کی دنیا میں بھی اردو
ادب کی نئی راہوں کا تعین کیا۔ اقبالیات سے شغف تو آپ کے رگ وپے میں سمایا ہوا تھا اس سبب کے باوجود ترجمہ کا کام بھی آپ نے خوش اسلوبی سے انجام دیا۔ ان کا سب سے پہلا ترجمہ ”فضائل ذکر“ کا ترجمہ تھا جو شیخ محمد ذکریاؒ کی تالیف ہے۔
اس کتاب کا انہوں نےانگریزی زبان میں ترجمہ کیا اور اس کا نام
)VIRTUES OF REMEMBERING(
رکھا۔ آپ ترجمے کا مفہوم کچھ اس طرح بیان کرتے ہیں کہ :
”ترجمے کا مفہوم کسی خیال کا دوسرے تک منتقل کرنا ہے“(20)
یہ بات انسان کی عادت میں شامل ہے کہ وہ اپنے افکار و نظریات کو پروان چڑھانا چاہتا ہے۔ وہ ہر لمحہ اس بات میں مگن دکھائی دیتا ہے کہ اس کے ایمان اور عقائد کا دائرہ کار توسیع اختیار کرے۔ دوسروں کو ہمراز اور ہم خیال بنانے کی کاوش میں دیوانگی کی حد تک جا پہنچتا ہے۔ اس کے لیے وہی باعث نجات اور خیر کا موجب ہوتا ہے۔ پروفیسر عبدالحق کی محققانہ ،مدبرانہ اور ناقدانہ رائے یہ ہے کہ یہی بات ، جدو جہد اور خواہش ترجمہ کی تحریک پیداکرتی ہے اور فرماتے ہیں کہ :
”اگر مخاطب ہم زبان اور ہم قلم نہیں ہے تو کسی مشترک زبان اور ذریعہ اظہار کاسہارا لینا پڑتا ہے“ (21)
ترجمے کی روایت مسلسل آگے ترقی پا رہی ہے۔ ایک عام سی فہرست کے مطابق اردوزبان میں اب تقریباً اٹھارہ ہزار سے زائد کتب ترجمے کی صورت میں موجود ہیں۔ اس تعداد میں اضافہ ہی ملے گا کمی نہیں ہوگی ۔ ہر زبان نے ترجمے کی افادیت سے متاثر ہو کر اپنے اپنےادبی خزانے میں اضافہ ہی کیا ہے۔ فارسی میں عربی تصانیف کے...
The success of federalism in multiethnic societies greatly depends on fiscal decentralization. It empowers the provincial governments along with the local bodies at the grass root level. In this perspective fiscal decentralization needs structural arrangements in order to ensure revenue generation and appropriate expenditures. It helps to strengthen the national grid to avoid inter-provincial or intra-provincial discrepancies. This study illustrates the relationship between fiscal devolution and symmetrical horizontal economic development. It envisages the devolution plan (2001) introduced by former General Pervez Mushraff in Pakistan under which the Provincial Finance Commissions were established. This research would focus on Punjab as a case study to analyze the working of Provincial Finance Commission. This research tends to address the questions like what have been the patterns of fiscal decentralization in Pakistan? Did National Finance Commission and Provincial Finance Commission promote the principles of equitable devolution of resources in the divisible pool on the basis of need assessment? Could PFC be able to mitigate the intra-provincial disparities in Punjab? Did PFC take efficiency advantage in Punjab through the empowerment of local governments? This study would encompass the analysis of the resource allocation formula opted by the successive governments in the past till present and the counter arguments by the academia and the local body members. Qualitative and quantitative both methods would be used while incorporating primary as well secondary sources. This research concludes with the proposition that empowered local bodies and effective finance commission are the sine qua non of fiscal decentralization in democratic state like Pakistan.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of allelopathic plant on growth and morpho-anatomical features of wheat. Three experiments were conducted in order to study the allelopathic effects of root, stem, leaf and fruit of Dodonea viscosa, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Fumaria indica, Juglans regia, Melia azedarach, Olea ferruginea,Sapindus mukorossi, Tamarix indica and Taraxacum officinale on growth and morpho-anatomical features of Wheat variety Pirsabaq 2005 during 2013-2016 at experimental field and laboratory, Department of Botany, Hazara University Mansehra. The present investigation showed that all the applied allelopathic plants parts have adverse effect on germination, morphological and anatomical parameters of wheat. Results of germination revealed that leaf aqueous extracts > Fruits> Root > Shoot. The degree of sensitivity of wheat in respect of growth to applied applications was Melia azedarach > Sapindus mukorossi > Taraxacum officinale > Juglans regia > Fumaria indica > Eucalyptus camaldulensis > Olea ferruginea > Tamarix indica > Dodonea viscosa. Root, stem, leaf of Olea ferruginea increased the diameter of xylem, phloem, and mesophyll tissue of root, stem and leaf of wheat which directly effect the physio-morphology of wheat. Fumaria indica has stimulatory effect on radical and plumule length, it also increases morpho-agronomic characters and anatomical character of wheat. Fruit of Melia azedarach is least effect of on germination and morpho–agronomic and anatomical character of wheat. The fruit of Sapindus mukorossi is highly harmful for germination, morphology, agronomy,and anatomical features of wheat and partially block the xylem and phloem as result it retard germination, morphology,agronomy of wheat. Dodonea viscosa is less toxic as compare to Tamarix indica and Juglan regia and Eucalyptus camadulensis for wheat growth and anatomical parameters. It is concluded that stem of Eucalyptus camaldulensis is highly toxic for all the morpho-agronomic characters of wheat i-e length of internode,length of spike, grain yield. Soil analysis shows that all allelopathic plants decrease the nitrogen in soil while phosphorus is deficient in Tamarix indica leaf and Melia azedarch treatments. Similarly potassium value increase in all treatments as compare to control. Maximum electric conductivity was observed in Eucalyptus camadulesis stem. pH values do not show significant difference in all treatments. Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Melia azedarach, Sapindus mukorossi,Tamarix indica, Juglans regia decrease the germination, growth and yield of wheat. Olea ferruginea and Fumaria indica show stimulatory effect on germination and other morpho-anatomical features of wheat. This study would be helful to understand the nature of allelopathic plants either they have allopathic effect or allelopathic potentials for different crops. Some allelopathic plants would be benficial and harmful for the growth of different crops due to allelochemicals. Biofertilizers and bioherbicides can be prepared from the allopathic plants for crop improvement.