پاکستان میں غیر مسلموں کے جان و مال کا تحفظ، قرآن وسنت کی روشنی میں خصوصی مطالعہ

This fact is quite obvious from Quran o Sunnah that Islam is a religion of peace and provides guarantee of protection of life, property and self respect to the all members of society without any discrimination of colour, race and religion. It is the duty of an Islamic State to provide protection to the basic rights of all minorities. Holy Prophetﷺ said: "Beware! Whoever is cruel and harsh to a non-muslims minority, curtailing their rights, overburdening them or stealing from them, I will complain (to God) about that person on the day of judgement." Islam seeks to establish such a society where all citizens of the state enjoy equal rights and religion doesn't become the basis from any discrimination. Islamic law holds both muslims and non-muslims equal and no superiority or privilege is given to the muslims on any ground.

Probing the Surface Activated Carbon Oxidation of Cycloalkanes in the Protocol of Green Chemistry

Cycloalkanes/cyclohexene, benzyl alcohol oxidation and Heck reaction have been investigated in the protocol of green chemistry using variety of catalysts such as activated carbon (AC), MOF/ZrP, Pd/Carbon dots in a self-designed batch type glass reactor. The activated carbons from peanut shells, corn cobs, spent tea leaves (STL) and olive pits have been prepared by different procedures and characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR, TGA/DTA and BET surface area and pore size analyzer. The AC from peanut shells show good catalytic activity for cyclohexane oxidation with oxygen and air, in the absence/presence of a base. While AC from corn cobs and STL are inactive under any reaction conditions. The oxidation of cyclohexane occurred on the quinonic functional groups of AC present on the surface of AC from peanut shells. The catalytic activity of AC was also screened for oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde with air at mild reaction conditions. Similarly, AC from olive pits was used for adsorptive removal of toluidine blue from aqueous solution. The removal of toluidine by AC followed Temkin isotherm and first order kinetics where 83% dye was removed from the solution. Carbon dots were synthesized by a green route and Pd nanocrystals (nanocubes and octahedrons) were used for quenching of carbon dots. The green fluorescence of carbon dots vanished with quenching as Pd is a best quencher having 4D8 configuration. The uptake of nanooctahedrons was more favorable in comparison with nanocubes. Pd/C-dots were used for catalyzing Heck reaction between aryl iodide and styrene. Pd nanooctahedrons/C-dots shows 71% yield in 4 hours. Layer by layer HKUST-1 supported on zirconium phosphate has been used as catalyst for oxidation of cyclohexene in solvent free conditions. The conversion and selectivity towards products changed with the number of layers of HKUST-1 on ZrP. 92% conversion was observed with less than 1% by-products. The catalyst was found selective for allylic oxidation with molecular oxygen.