آج وہ رشکِ قمر دل کا جو مہمان ہوا
روح سیراب ہوئی زیست کا سامان ہوا
دیکھ گل رنگ بدن آنکھیں مری کہنے لگیں
حیرتیں حق ہیں وہ جو دیکھ کے حیران ہوا
جانتا ہے وہ سبھی حرفِ جنوں کے قصے
تجھ کو دیکھا تو سخن ساز پریشان ہوا
تیرے سینے میں دھڑکتا ہوا دل ہوں جاناں
یہ الگ بات تری ذات سے انجان ہوا
آئو اس بار فضاؔ ساتھ ٹھکانہ کر لیں
پل دو پل ہی کو سہی دل ترا مہمان ہوا
The issue of the source and origin of Sufism in Islam is a complex one. A number of scholars, since the latter half of the nineteenth century have put forward conflicting claims. Earlier Orientalists thought that a Sufism developed from a single source while the latter scholars think a number of different sources should be considered as origin of Sufism. Both groups agree, however, in maintaining that Sufism is an addition to Islam and did not originally belong to Islam. Different opinions have been presented regarding the true source of Sufism, for example, Persian, Indian, Christian, Jewish and Neo-Platonic philosophies. The present paper intends to refute these charges of external influences on Islamic Sufism and attempts to show that the real origin of Islamic Sufism lies nowhere but in the teachings of the Holy Qur’an, Sunnah of the Prophet (peace be upon him) and lives of the blessed companions of the Prophet (peace be upon him).
In this dissertation, we present the analytical studies of some uid ow models. We analyze the fractional models for the ow of non-Newtonian uids via classical computational techniques to obtain analytical solutions. This study includes the investigation of the unsteady natural convection ow of Maxwell uid with fractional derivative over an exponentially accelerated in nite vertical plate. Slip condition, chemical reaction, transverse magneticeld and Newtonian heating e ects are also considered using a modern de nition of fractional derivative. Moreover, the unsteady ow of Maxwell uid with noninteger order derivatives through a circular cylinder of in nite length in a rotating frame is studied. The motion of Maxwell uid is generated by a time dependent torsion applied to the surface of the cylinder. As novelty, the dimensionless governing equation related to the non-trivial shear stress is used and therst exact solution analogous to a ramped shear stress on the surface is obtained. The rotational ow of an Oldroyd-B uid with fractional derivative induced by an in nite circular cylinder that applies a constant couple stress to the uid is investigated. It is worth mentioning that the considered problem of Oldroyd-B uid in the settings of fractional derivatives has not been found in the literature. Some unsteady Couette ows of an Oldroyd-B uid with non-integer derivative in an annular region of two in nite co-axial circular cylinders are investigated. Flows are due to the motion of the outer cylinder, that rotates about its axis with an arbitrary time dependent velocity while the inner cylinder is heldxed. Finally, the analysis of the second grade uid with fractional derivative is made. The uidlls the annulus region between two coaxial cylinders in which one cylinder is at rest while the other experiences time dependent shear stress. In all the ow models, we obtained the exact or semi analytical solutions for the motions with technical relevance. These solutions correspond to some ows in which either velocity or the shear stress is given on the boundary are established for di erent kinds of rate and di erential type uids. The obtained solutions presented in all the uid ow models satisfy the imposed initial and boundary conditions. Further, the ow properties and comparison of models with respect to derivative (fractional or ordinary) are highlighted by graphical illustrations.