حضرت عائشہؓ کے اصول استنباط : ایک تحقیقی مطالعہ

This article dealt with the description of services of Hażrat ‘Āyeshah (R. A) in the field of principles of derivation of legal rules from the legal texts of the Holy Quran and prophetic traditions, which is the second part of the series, in first part Quran was focused in this regard while in this article other sources of Islamic law as Prophetic tradition etc. Have been discussed and their applications in the juristic approach of Hażrat ‘Āyeshah, likewise, Qiyās is a method that uses analogy/ comparison to derive Islamic legal rulings for new developments due to importance and the need of society. Umm Al-Momineen Hażrat ‘Āyeshah (R. A) used to derive a ruling for new situations that are not addressed by Qur’an and Sunnah. Istiḥsān is the fourth principle of derivation of Aḥkām. Likewise, other sources considered by her including Istiḥsān, Istisḥāb, ‘Urf as principle of derivation of Aḥkām. ‘Urf is an Arabic Islamic term referring to the custom or knowledge of a given society. Furthermore, the method adopted for research is deductive. The study found that Hażrat ‘Āyeshah applied the said sources in her process of derivation of legal rules of Islam, which were followed by Muslim jurists in this regard, So it is recommended that student of Islamic Law should study efforts of the companion of Prophet peace be upon him and their principles in the field.

The Impact of Environmental Quality of School Buildings on Student’S Academic Achievements

The problem understudy was to investigate “the impact of environmental quality of school buildings on student’s academic achievements”, with the objectives to bring forth environmental quality of school buildings, and, to determine and evaluate its importance. All government higher secondary schools (male and female) and all government degree colleges (male and female) of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa constitute the population of this research, whereas to conduct this empirical study, students of two government higher secondary schools and two government degree colleges from four districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa were selected as sample. The study was delimited to the subject of English. Hundred students of intermediate part-I from each selected institute were taken as sample. The duration of the experiment was three weeks. Academic qualifications and training backgrounds of subject specialists and lecturers of respective institutes were considered to be equal. To set a baseline about the academic level of students in this post-test only design, their marks in the subject of English at Secondary level was considered. Prior to the commencement of the study, detailed information on the five selected variables was obtained by carefully filling the questionnaire designed for this purpose in a walk through survey of post occupancy evaluation of selected buildings. After three weeks, the academic achievement of students was evaluated through post test. Data obtained through aforementioned tools was analyzed; the Mean, Variance, Standard Deviation, Standard Error Mean, Correlation and T-test was computed from the collected data and was interpreted. All the information collected was analyzed and presented through tables and graphs. Findings of the study revealed a considerable impact of the environmental quality on student’s academic achievement. Results obtained from the analysis of the data gathered in the walk-through survey, while revealing interesting facts about institutional buildings, also endorsed the findings.