دور جاہلیت میں عرب کے معاشی حالات کا ایک جائزہ

It would be essential to know the pre Islamic economic conditions first, then it would be better to know that what are the Islamic principles regarding trade and economics. This would make us understand the Islamic principles fully; also it would help us to comprehend the nature of Arabs who were the same people who after coming into the fold of Islam agreed to lay down their lives for the Islamic cause. Keeping this in view, we can precise how much Islam advocates the truth and dignity for individual and business. Pre Islamic era was a dark period. Arabs had limited sources of Income and they relied upon the piracy and loot and plunder. In Dark era poets boasted Arabs loot and glorified it in their poetries. No one can deny that Arabs had bravery in their blood, and they conceive courage from their mother's womb. They used to loot money from affluent in the day time and gave away to the needy who used to boast them in their poetries. This Article discusses the Arab’s economic conditions in pre-Islamic Era.

Fixed Point Theorems for Generalized Contractions in Complete Metric Spaces

Present literature depicts many ways to generalize the fixed point theory, the structure, mappings, contractions and metrics are generalized to extend the results. Ordered structures are very important not only in theoretical aspects but also in application point of view. Using the notion of graphs the ordered structures are generalized and some fixed point and coincidence point theorems for single and set valued mappings are presented. By using the weak contractions, namely CG-contraction and CG-weak contractions the contractive conditions are generalized. F-contraction is also used to extend the contractive conditions for set valued mappings. Mappings are generalized by using the relations and L-fuzzy mappings. Fixed points and common fixed point theorems are presented for mappings, set valued mappings, relations and fuzzy mappings. A unique type of common fixed point theorem for two set valued mappings is presented using the idea of Picard trajectories. A generalized Hausdorff distance is presented using the notion of initial segments from set theory, as a generalization of metric. Some applications of fixed points, coincidence points and common fixed points are presented. Results for existence of solutions of ordinary and fractional BVPs are established. It has been shown that coincidence point theorem can be used to prove implicit function theorem. It is also proved that a function satisfying certain conditions involving Homotopy mapping has a fixed point at parameter value equals to zero if and only if it has a fixed point at parameter’s value one. A generalization of Kelisky-Rivlin theorem for existence of solution of a system of Bernstein’s theorem is also proved.