عبدالمجید خواجہ
افسوس ہے کہ گذشتہ مہینے دوسری دسمبر کو ہماری پرانی قومی بزم کی ایک یادگار عبدالمجید خواجہ نے انتقال کیا، خواجہ صاحب مرحوم کی شخصیت بڑی جامع تھی، ان کی ذات میں دین و سیاست، قومیت وطنیت اور اسلامی غیرت و حمیت کا بڑا متناسب اجتماع تھا، ان کی پوری زندگی ملک و ملت کی خدمت میں گذری، طرابلس اور بلقان کی جنگ سے لے کر ہندوستان کی آزادی تک ہر قومی و ملی تحریک میں ان کا نمایاں حصہ رہا، اس دور کے لیڈروں میں ان کا ممتاز مقام تھا، ایک طرف وہ پکے قوم پرور اور وطن دوست تھے، مسلمان فرقہ پروروں کا ہمیشہ مقابلہ کرتے رہے، دوسری طرف راسخ العقیدہ مسلمان تھے اور ان کا دل اسلامی غیرت و حمیت سے معمور تھا، اس لئے ہندوستان کی آزادی کے بعد کے حالات سے بہت بددل تھے، اور اس سلسلہ میں نئے ارباب سیاست اور ارکان حکومت سے بہت صاف اور کھری باتیں کہتے تھے، پنڈت جواہر لال تک ان کا لحاظ کرتے تھے، مسلم یونیورسٹی اور جامعہ ملیہ سے بہت قدیم اور گہرا تعلق تھا، جامعہ کے تو معماروں میں تھے، آخر وقت تک اس کے چانسلر رہے۔ مسلم یونیورسٹی کے بھی رکن رکین تھے، آزادی کے بعد یونیورسٹی میں جو غیر اسلامی رجحانات پیدا ہوگئے ہیں ان کی اصلاح کے لئے برابر کوشش کرتے رہے۔
خواجہ صاحب علی گڑھ کے اس دور کی پیداوار تھے جب انگریزیت اور تجدد اس کا طغرائے امتیاز تھا۔ بیرسٹری کی تعلیم کے سلسلہ میں ان کا قیام عرصہ تک لندن میں رہا، لیکن ان کا مزاج ابتدا سے مذہبی تھا، اس لئے وہ ہر دور میں عملاً مسلمان اور پابند مذہب رہے، اور عمر کے ساتھ ساتھ ان کی مذہبیت بڑھتی گئی تھی، ان کا مذہبی مطالعہ وسیع تھا، مذہبی گفتگو میں آیات و احادیث...
The Syntactical Study of the Quranic Phraseology Arabic language renders primal focus on syntactical placement of words in a sentence id est each constituent of the sentence contains some specific placement which connotes the propriety of the sentence and it plays a vital role in its structural unity. It ought to be kept in mind that ancient syntacticians had unanimously concluded the primal role of specific placement. They highlighted its various forms as in some conditions constituents of a sentence can be replaced from its specific structural placement, for instance, object is placed in place of subject as in “ jaa ni alqom”( جاءني القوم) the people came to me. While in some other cases and conditions such replacement is not admissible and if such re-structure is made, it will dilute the connotation, for instance, the positions of conjunctive pronoun before the principal clause, adjective with noun, possessive noun with the noun-possession and the conditional clause with the sub-ordinate clause are not admissible otherwise all these re-placement of the constituents in a sentence will cause the deformation of structure and implications.
This study was a comparative investigation into the nature of difficulties and factors affecting the learning of English by the secondary school students of Provincial and Federal government schools in Khyber Pukhtunkhwa. The objectives of the study were (1)To measure the performance of secondary school students of Provincial and Federal government schools of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa in tenses, active and passives voices, direct and indirect narrations, conjunctions, prepositions, articles, construction of sentences and reading with comprehension; (2)To find out the level of difficulties of secondary school students of Provincial and Federal government schools of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa in tenses, active and passives voices, direct and indirect narrations, conjunctions, prepositions, articles, construction of sentences and reading with comprehension; (3)To compare the level of difficulties in learning English as a second language at secondary level of Provincial and Federal government schools in Khyber Pukhtunkhwa ; (4)To find out the factors affecting the learning of English at secondary level of Provincial and Federal government schools in Khyber Pukhtunkhwa); and (5)To provide a base for improvement of teaching English as a second language at the secondary level. The population of the study comprised of all the twenty four Provincial government schools and twenty two Federal government schools located in twenty four districts of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa. Six hundred and fifty four students were randomly selected from each systems of school by applying simple random sampling technique. Sixteen English teachers were selected by using purposive sampling technique for the purpose of interview An English language achievement test for secondary classes was administered to the sample students of the study and sample English teachers were interviewed. The data obtained were tabulated and analysed through SPSS 17.0 software to compute mean, standard deviation, t-value and p-value (significance) level. t-test was applied to measure the significance of difference between the means of both types of school systems. Significance was seen at .01 level as criterion for the rejection or acceptance of null hypothesis. The interview data was analyzed manually. The main findings of the study were; the students of Provincial government schools faced more difficulties in learning of verb forms, narration, conjunctions, prepositions, articles, sentence arrangements and reading comprehension. The students of both types of schools systems faced same difficulties in learning voices. The teachers in Provincial government schools were not sufficiently qualified and had no adequate knowledge of teaching methodologies of teaching English. The classes at both type of school system were overcrowded. The Provincial and Federal Government schools lacked audio-visual aids for teaching of English.