Nawaz Sharif’s Speeches to the United Nations General Assembly: A Corpus-Based Analysis

Every year heads of different states make their speeches in the general debate of United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). They address national and international issues and suggest measures to resolve them with the help of international community and the United Nations. Muhammad Nawaz Sharif also made speeches in the UNGA. In 2013, he was newly elected prime minister and was enthusiastic to resolve issues with India. There was no internal political pressure on him at that time and the government in India was hostile towards Pakistan. But one year in power and embattled with domestic issues and international pressure, the prime minster approached the issues differently in his 2014 speech. The aim of this paper is to compare his two speeches and see what changes occurred in his stance towards India. The main focus of the analysis is: Who is the addressee of these speeches? How confident did Nawaz feel about the solution of the issues that he raised. The Corpus tool Wmatrix has been used to analyze the data. The results show significant differences in his two speeches with regard to his stance towards India.

Management of Pink Bollworm Pectinophora Gossypiella Saunders Lepidoptera: Gelechidae Through Ipm Strategies

Pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) is one of the serious insect pests of cotton crop attacking fruiting bodies which may result in loss of yield and damage to cotton fibre quality. In the present study comparative resistance of Bt. and non-Bt. cotton varieties was evaluated for management of P. gossypiella. Different Bt. cotton varieties, IR-901, FH-142, MNH-886, NIBGE IR 3701, CIM-602 and Tarzan-1 containing (Cry1Ac) and non-Bt. varieties, CRIS-134, CRIS-342, CRIS-129, CRIS-613, FH-1000 and FH-901were used in the study during two consecutive years (2015 and 2016) at district Sanghar, Sindh, Pakistan. The results indicated that the maximum attack of P. gossypiella larvae was recorded on IR-901 and minimum CIM-602 in Bt. cotton varieties. However, in non-Bt. cotton, maximum attack was observed on FH-901 and minimum on CRIS-129. Biological parameters of P. gossypiella on Bt. and non-Bt. cotton varieties were evaluated under laboratory conditions. The result revealed that the larval period and pupal weight, adult longevity and female reproduction rate of P. gossypiella were significantly lower on Bt. cotton as compared to non-Bt. However, there was no significant difference in pupal period between Bt. and non-Bt. cotton. The larval % parasitization of P. gossypiella was recorded by collection of P. gossypiella larvae from cotton field and ginning factories. Four parasitoids i.e., Tachinid sp, Apanteles sp, Habrobracon sp and Magasillia sp found parasitizing the larvae. The maximum incidence of parasitization was observed in cotton field as compared to cotton ginning factories. The present study also monitored the post-harvest population of P. gossypiella in different cotton ginning factories from three locations of district Sanghar such as Jhol, Sanghar and Shahdadpur. The results revealed that the maximum larval population was recorded from Sanghar and Shahdadpur. Maximum P. gossypiella adult population by using synthetic sex pheromone traps was recorded at Jhol as compared to Sanghar and Shahdadpur cotton ginning factories. The maximum mean larval and adult P. gossypiella population was observed in the months of October and November. Light and synthetic sex pheromone traps were installed in Bt. and non-Bt. cotton field to monitor population of P. gossypiella. The results showed that the highest population of P. gossypiella males was captured from non-Bt. as compared to Bt. cotton through light and synthetic sex pheromone traps. The maximum population was trapped in the month of September and October in both years. The regression analysis indicated that P. gossypiella adults had negative and non-significant relation with temperature and positive and significant relation with relative humidity. Different plant extracts and insecticides were tested in the fields on Bt. and non-Bt. cotton crop for the management of P. gossypiella. The highest reduction percentage of P. gossypiella larvae was recorded on tobacco treated plot followed by neem and datura in both Bt. and non-Bt. cotton crops. The effect of varietal resistance of (Bt. and non-Bt. cotton varieties) was not recorded in 2015 but in 2016 the effect of tobacco and Bt. cotton on larval population was significant. However, the application of different insecticides (triazophos, spintoram and profenophos+cypermethrin) on Bt. and non-Bt. cotton crop indicated that the maximum pest population reduction was recorded in triazophos followed by spintoram and profenophos+cypermethrin treated plots in both Bt. and non-Bt. cotton.