The Tradition of Innovation in Islamic Civilization: An Exclusive Study of Early Ages of Islam

اسلامی تہذیب میں تازہ کاری کی روایت: قرون اولی کا اختصاصی مطالعہ Islamic civilization was founded by the Holy Prophet (May blessings of Allah and peace be upon him) right from the beginning of Islam. Each civilization and every culture are deeply affected by the concurrent cultures and civilizations and it used to adopt and borrow many things from other civilizations. Similarly, Islamic civilization and culture borrowed many aspects from other prevailing civilizations. With the passing day, these intercultural relations and exchanges became the part and parcel of the Islamic civilization. Such communications, and they have marked all epochs in Islamic history, occur in greatly diverse ways. The Holy Prophet also approved some traditions in this regard and the four Caliphs adopted many customs too. This reflects the adoption and concluding from other civilizations is not prohibited in every case, but this adoption must not be against Islamic teachings. Now a days, the entire world has become a worldwide town because of internet and technological developments. It is relatively obvious that Muslims are adopting many things from western civilization and culture without knowing its legitimacy or illegitimacy. Resultantly, these activities apparently become the chunk of Islamic civilization. This investigation seeks guidance from golden period of Islam i.e. Early centuries of Islam and describes its validity or voidness. In this article, these experiences of Islamic civilization and culture in adopting and concluding from other civilizations and cultures have been conferred and their principles and opinion of the prominent scholars, in this context, been talked about in the light of Islamic teachings. This study will promulgate awareness about the tradition of innovation in Islamic civilization and will provide guidance to the new researchers about this topic.  

Effect of School Climate on Students Academic Achievement at Secondary School Level

The main function of this study was to determine the effect of school climate on students` academic achievement at secondary school level.The study was delimited to the five districts of the Punjab province of Pakistan.It was causal comparative as well as correlational. The Study which, was conducted on a sample of 1473 secondary schools students in the public schools of Punjab province.Data was collected through Student School Climate Questionnaire (SCSQ).The questionnaire had three major parts namely:Physical environment, social environment, and learning environment.The questionnaire contained 39 items at 5-point Likert scale.The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were ensured through the experts’ opinions and pilot testing. The overall reliability of the questionnaire was 0.90.The Study concluded positive correlation (r =.766) between School Climate and Students academic achievement.Also, the factors of school climate have a positive correlation with academic achievement of the students. The study further showed that school climate has positive effect on students’ academic achievement which measured through regression analysis.The findings of this study suggested that students achieve high achievement in schools with healthy climate.