فقہ اسلامی میں مقاصد شریعت کے مدارج

Al-Maqasid (the purposes) is a guide to Islam written by Imam Shatibi in his book "Al-Mowafaq'at". It covers purposes of Islamic faith, Zakat, pilgrimage etc. Maqasid al-Shari’ah is a system of values that could contribute to a desired and sound application of the Shari’ah. ” This concept has been employed as a legal hermeneutical tool in pre-modern Islamic law at least since 3 H. D. It is based on the idea that Islamic law is purposive in nature, that is, to mean that the law serves particular purposes (e. G, promoting people’s benefit and welfare and protecting them from harm) that are either explicitly present in or can be derived from the fountainheads of the sources of Islamic law, namely, the Quran & the Sunnah. Maqasid al-Sharia is also an umbrella term that includes many other concepts that have been closely linked to it in the premodern Islamic tradition, most notably the idea of public interests and unrestricted interests (al-Masalih al-Mursala), as well as other principles such as istihsan (juridical preference), istis’hab (presumption of continuity), and avoidance of mischief (all of which are considered to be directives in accordance with Allah’s will). Spiritual Principles include: the free right and duty to be aware of and to worship Allah and to search for ultimate truth and justice; the duty to respect the human person, known as the natural principle of personalism; the duty to respect the coherent order of all creation, i. E. Ecology and environment; and the duty to respect human community based on the sacredness of each of its members.

Detection of Babesia Ovis Through Polymerase Chain Reaction in Sheep and Goat from District Bahawalpur

The infection of Ovine babesia is considered as a tick-borne disease that is caused by a haematotropic parasite belonging to the genus babesia. Main infection in small ruminants (goat and sheep) is caused by three babesia species. The sickness caused by genus Babesia ovis (B .ovis) is very horrific mostly in goat and sheep and causes rigorous infection that is characterized by fever, anemia. The present study was carried on to become aware of B.ovis through PCR within the blood samples of small ruminants at Bahawalpur district. Total one Hundred blood samples of sheep and goat randomly were gathered from different areas of district Bahawalpur. Blood smear slides were prepared and analyzed through microscope. DNA was extracted by inorganic method. PCR amplification was done using specific set of primers for babesia species and results were studied through gel electrophoresis. Overall prevalence of babesia species was 18% by microscopy. Area wise percentages of microscopy tests were also calculated. 18% (18/100)Jamalpur 10% (1/10), Hasilpur 30%( 3/10), Khairpur 10% (1/10), Qaimpur 10% (1/10), Lal sohanra 20% (2/10), Lal sohanra park 30% (3/10), Yazman mandi 10%( 1/10), Rajkan 20% (2/10), Ahmad pur East 20%( 2/10), Uch Sharif 20% (2/10). PCR showed11% (11/100) positive result in sheep and goat (10% (1/10) in Jamalpur, 20% (2/10) in Khairpur 10% (1/10) in Qaimpur , 0% (0/10) in Lal sohanra , 10% (1/10) in Lalsohara park , 20% (2/10) in Yazman mandi 0%(0/10), Rajkan 10%(1/10), Ahmad pur 10%(1/10) and in Uch sharif 20%(2/10). The specificity and sensitivity of PCR was 100% in findings of B.ovis as compared to microscopy which showed 18% (18/100) sensitivity and 100% specificity was pragmatic. The study reveals that PCR is the additional sensitive technique in designation against babesiosis as compared to research and counseled it for field application in district Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. However, safety measures are required in order to domesticate the small ruminants like sheep and goat from such pathogenic parasites.