موضوع 7:زبان کی مختلف سطحیں(صوتیات، لفظیات، نحویات)
صوتیات:
صوتیات لسانیات کی ایک شاخ ہے ،اس میں آوازوں کی ادائیگی کا مطالعہ کیا جاتا ہے؛ آوازیں کیسے پیدا ہوتی ہیں، آوازوں کی درجہ بندی کیسے کی جاتی ہے۔لسانیات کے اس شعبے میں انسانی اعضائے تکلم سے پیدا ہونے والی آوازوں کا مطالعہ کیا جاتا ہے۔صوتیات تکلمی آوازوں یا اصوات کے سائنسی مطالعے کا نام ہے۔ اس میں اصوات کے اجزائ، ماہیت، نوعیت اور کیفیات سے بحث کی جاتی ہے۔ڈیوڈ کرسٹل کے بقول:
"اعضائے صوت کا مطالعہ جن کی مدد سے ہم تکلم یا کلام کی بنیادی آوازوں کو ادا کرتے ہیں۔آوازکی لہروں کا مطالعہ یعنی ہوا کا وہ عمل جس کے ذریعے سیایک شخص کے بولے ہوئے الفاظ دوسروں تک پہنچتے ہیں نیز وہ طریقہ جس سے انسان آوازوں کا ادراک کرتا ہے۔یہ تینوں چیزیں لسانیات کی اس اہم شاخ کے تین باہم مربوط پہلو ہیں جنہیں صوتیات کا نام دیا جاتا ہے۔"
• اعضائے صوت کا مطالعہ • آواز کی لہروں کا مطالعہ
• آوازوں کا ادراک • صوتیات کا آغاز
قدیم ہند کی روایت :
پہلی روایت یہ ہے کہ اس کا تعلق ویدک اورسنسکرت سے ہے۔ قدیم ہند میں سینہ بہ سینہ منتقل ہوتے رہنے والے الفاظ،حمدیہ مصرعے ،اشلوک جس زبان میں تھے وہ زبان مروجہ نہیں رہی۔ مقدس منتروں کی ادائیگی کی اغلاط سے بچنے کے لئے انہوں نے گرائمر اور صوتیات کو فروغ دیا۔اگر ہم گرائمر کی بات کریں تو صوتیات کی پہلی گرامر سولہویں صدی میں بنائی گئی اس کا نام اشت ادھائے رکھا بعض لوگ اسے ویدک اور بعض سنسکرت زبان کی گرائمر کہتے ہیں۔
قدیم لاطینی اور یونانی روایت:
یہ روایت برائے نام ہے اس میں افلاطون نے باصدا اور بے صدا آوازوں میں تفریق توضرور کی ہیمگر زبان کا صوتیاتی تجزیہ نہیں کیاہے۔
مشرق وسطی کی عربی صوتیات کی...
Rectification is a terminology of Islamic Studies which means corrections of mistakes, completion of deficiency and clarification of ambiguity, it is a very special Quality of Islam due to its impacts and importance. Rectifications of Honourable Muslim Scholars on one another is a source for the innocency of this Ummah, here is the example of Rectification in the era of Sahahaba رضي الله عنهم and Tabieen and later, while the book of Eimam Al Hakim “Al Mustadrak Ala Sahehain” is an example of rectification at the time of Tabieen; in which he collects the narrations missed by Imam Bukhari and Imam Muslim in their books Saheeh Bukhari and Saheeh Muslim. The Honourable scholars follow this way in all the disciplines of Islamic Studies especially in the field of Tafseer because they had rectifications on one another in their explanation of the Holy Quran. As for example Eimam Al Sayuti (911 AH) and Emam Aalusi (1270 AH) has rectifications in their explanations of Holy Quran on the Tafseer of Eimam Fakhr uddin Al Razi “Tafseer ul Kabeer”, while in our era Shaikh Ghulam Rasool Saeedi (1437 AH) follow the same way, and most of his ratifications in his Tafseer “Tibyan ul Quran” is related to Imam Razi. One thing which is unforgettable is that, these Scholars have maintained respect of personalities and opinions, furthermore they were mostly impartial in their research as well as tolerant while dealing with these issues even having different schools of thoughts etc. Their difference did not make them discourteous or impolite.
Shakeel ur Rehman, PhD, Department of Physics & Applied Mathematics, PIEAS, July 2010. “Study of gamma-ray detector efficiencies and integral parameters using stochastic simulations and analytical techniques”; Supervisor: Dr. Nasir M. Mirza; Co-Supervisor: Dr. Sikander M. Mirza; Department of Physics & Applied Mathematics, PIEAS, Nilore 45650, Islamabad. In this work a novel primary-interaction based methodology has been developed for Monte Carlo based calculations of the detector efficiency which accelerate the computations and yields converged results with much shorter computer time. The proposed methodology has been first implemented in a MATLAB based computer program PIMC and later implemented in the state-of-the-art GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulation toolkit. The methodology has been used for point isotropic sources and thin disk sources at axial locations as well as off-axial locations with respect to the detector axis, excellent agreement has been found between the predictions of the PIMC code with the corresponding results obtained by using hybrid Monte Carlo as well as by analytical techniques and experimental measurements over a wide range of γ-ray energy values. Using the PIMC program, the energy dependent detector efficiency has been found to approach an asymptotic profile by increasing either thickness or diameter of scintillator while keeping the other fixed. The variation of energy dependent total efficiency of a 3" × 3" NaI(Tl) scintillator with axial distance has been studied using the PIMC code. About two orders of magnitude change in detector efficiency has been observed for zero to 50 cm variation in the axial distance. For small values of axial separation, a similar large variation has also been observed in total xviiefficiency for 137 Cs as well as for 60 Co sources by increasing the axial-off set from zero to 50 cm. The results for disk sources show a gradual decreasing trend in the total efficiency as disk source radius increases. For coaxial thin disk sources, the total detection efficiency has been found to approach a corresponding maximum value as length is increased in 1–20 cm range for various values of radii of disk sources and γ-ray energy while keeping the diameter of the detector fixed at 3” (7.62 cm). A similar behavior is observed when the radius of the detector is increased from 1–20 cm while keeping the length of detector fixed at 3” (7.62 cm), for various values of radii of disk sources and γ-ray energy. Then Monte Carlo simulations were carried out for the determination of photo peak- to-total ratio using the GEANT4 based detector model for various gamma ray energies and detector materials. The effect of variation of length and radius of the detector, while keeping the other fixed, was studied for various gamma ray energies. Mathematical curves for peak- to-total ratio were derived for various detector materials.