THE PHILOSOPHY OF CONTEMPORARY EDUCATION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION

The title of this research is Theoretical Debate over the Philosophical Roots of Contemporary Education and Its Implications for the Development of Islamic Education. The purpose is to disentangle, to explore and to discuss the foundations of theoretical roots of educational philosophy and its relational consequences with Islamic education. The issues raised are: 1). How is the philosophical foundation of education and its relationship to philosophy and education? 2). What are the Philosophical Roots of Educational Theory and Its Implications for Curriculum, Teaching and Learning? 3). What are the implications for the development of Islamic education? The type of research is Library Research which uses philosophical and pedagogical approach, with descriptive method. The findings of this study are: a) the study of the key philosophical ideas that influence thought and development of education are aspects of metaphysics, epistemology and axiology. Without these three philosophical foundations, science and its various disciplines will fail; b) the relationship between philosophy and education are like two sides of one coin that cannot be separated, both give and take in the context of mutualism. So the existence of philosophy in education is a necessity; c) The theoretical debate over the roots of the philosophy of education requires the development of Islamic education.

Some Generalizations of the Banach Fixed Point Theorem: Single Valued and Multi-Valued Mappings

In [N. Mizoguchi, W. Takahashi, Fixed point theorems for multi-valued mappings on complete metric spaces, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 141 (1989) 177–188] the authors gave a positive answer to the conjecture of S. Reich concerning the existence of fixed points of multi-valued mappings that satisfy certain contractive conditions. In this paper, we establish some results for multi-valued mappings that satisfy a generalized contractive condition in a way that it contains Mizoguchi’s result as one of its special cases. In addition, our results not only improve the results of Kiran and Kamran [Q. Kiran, T. Kamran, Nadler’s type principle with high order of convergence, Nonlinear Anal. TMA 69 (2008) 4106–4120] and some results of Agarwal et al. [R.P. Agarwal, Jewgeni Dshalalow, Donal O’Regan, Fixed point and homotopy results for generalized contractive maps of Reich type, Appl. Anal. 82 (4) (2003) 329–350] but also provide the high order of convergence of the iterative scheme and error bounds. As an application of our results, we obtain an existence result for a class of integral inclusions.