ELATIVE RISK OF DIABETES MELLITUS AMONG OBESE POPULATION

Objective: Diabetes is more prevalent mainly in Asian population, but the incidence proportion and likelihood are still unknown due to lack of evidence and proper research, therefore in this research paper the main aim is to assess the relative risk of diabetes mellitus in obese people in Pakistan. Methodology: A case control study was conducted on 233 participants including diabetic and non-diabetic. The participants were approached from different clinics and hospitals from Nov 2021 to April 2022 using convenient sampling technique. Participants’ age, body mass index and weight category were measured. The odds and relative risk ratio were calculated for diabetic patients in obese people. Results: It was found that among the obese population, the odds of having diabetes were 3.85 times greater than that of non-obese adults whereas relative risk was also found to 2.17 times higher than that of non-obese population with the p-value <0.05. Conclusions: The prevalence of obesity is higher in diabetic population as compared to non-diabetic individuals. This increases the chances of developing diabetes in obese population as compared to the individuals with normal weight.

The Moderating Role of Supervisory Support, and Product Knowledge in the Relationship of Emotional Intelligence, Self-Efficacy, and Attitude With Job-Related Outcomes

The concept of emotional intelligence (EI) suggests that intelligence and emotions act interactively. Individuals can handle and solve technical problems far more easily than human problems in their personal and professional lives, which illustrates that EI is essential for their job-related outcomes. At the same time, it might be argued that motivational theories also play an essential role in the performance and satisfaction of individuals. This dissertation studied the moderating role of supervisory support, and product knowledge in the relationship of emotional intelligence, self-efficacy, and attitude with job-related outcomes (job performance and job satisfaction). A 33-item tool was used for measuring employees’ EI, a four-item tool for measuring self-efficacy, eight items tool for measuring attitude, four items tool for measuring supervisory support, a five-item tool for measuring product knowledge, an eight-item tool to measure the jobrelated outcomes (four each for job performance and job satisfaction). The study was carried out in two phases: a pilot study and the main study. For the main study, 600 questionnaires were distributed among the participants at different intervals. Out of this pool, only 421 questionnaires were collected; 21 questionnaires were found useless/incomplete and, thus withdrawn, and the rest of the 400 (66.67% response rate) were utilized for data analysis. The data was analysed with the help of SPSS and structural equation modelling (SEM). Results showed that emotional intelligence and, selfefficacy were positively related to job-related outcomes (job performance and job satisfaction), while a positive relationship was found between attitude and job performance. No relationship was found between attitude and job satisfaction. In advanced countries the influence of emotional intelligence, motivational factors, and perceived support has been studied for job-related outcomes of employees employed in different sectors. In the Pakistani context, limited attempts have been made to examine the same factors responsible for variation in job-related outcomes of the sales force of the pharmaceutical industry.