عبادات(نماز و زکاۃ): قرآنی سیاق و سباق کے تناظر میں ذہنی سکون کا منبع

This is the well-known fact that ebadat are the most important articles of Islam. Ebadat bring many spiritual and material benefits to worshipers (Muslim), and this included peace of mind and satisfaction of heart. This point is discussed in this article in detail with reference to the relevant verses of Quran and Prophetic Sunnah in the light of Tafaseer perspectives. A person who bow to Allah Almighty sincerely, he offers prayers in time and pay Zakat to get the Will of Allah, he becomes a great man who is blessed with peace of mind as being agree in every condition with believing in Allah SWT being as satisfaction for him and makes him free from mental tension and anxiety. In the view of Quran e Kareem, the main reason for giving details of the rewards and benedictions of the Paradise is to develop satisfaction within the hearts of the worshipers. It is observed that only the way of attaining real peace of mind and satisfaction of heart is to be punctual and regular in offering prayers and paying zakat sincerely realization in the true sense.

Boundary Element Methods for Compressible Fluid Flow Problems

The boundary element method is a numerical technique which consists of sub– dividing the boundary of the body into a series of discrete elements, over which the function can vary. This technique offers important advantages over domain type solutions such as finite elements and finite differences. One of the most important features of this method is the much smaller system of equations and the considerable reduction in data required to run a program. Furthermore, the method is well–suited to problems with an infinite domain. Boundary element methods can be formulated using two different approaches called the ‘direct’ and the ‘indirect’ methods. In this thesis, the direct and indirect boundary element methods have been used for the calculation of the compressible fluid flow around arbitrary bodies. The results obtained using boundary element methods have been compared with analytical solutions. These methods have been implemented with the help of computer programming using FORTRAN 77. In chapter (1), statement of the problem, literature survey and brief description of the method of solution are discussed. In chapter (2) the fundamental equations for compressible fluid are given and in chapter (3) mathematical formulation of the equation for inviscid compressible fluid flow is given. In chapter (4) the constitutive equations for the boundary element methods for the interior and exterior domains are derived, and in chapter (5) the various types of boundary elements, the matrix formulation for the8 equation of the direct method. The numerical evaluation of the integrals over an element and the solution of the resultant system of equations are discussed. In chapter (6) the direct and indirect boundary element methods are applied to the three – dimensional potential flow problems and the comparisons of the analytical and computed results are presented. In chapter (7) both the direct and indirect boundary element methods have been used to calculate two dimensional inviscid compressible flow past a symmetric and Joukowski aerofoils. It has been seen that the computed results in all the above mentioned cases are in good agreement with the analytical results. Finally, conclusions and suggestions for future work are given at the end.