کتاب التجرید میں امام قدوری کا منہج و اسلوب

Since the creation of this world, there have been disagreements in different matters among mankind. Technically, difference in opinion is of two kinds. One is Invalid or unpleasant disagreement; which has no valid reasoning and it bases on other evil objectives. While the other one is valid or pleasant disagreement; which bases on valid reasoning. The second one is also known as healthy disagreement. The disagreements among Islamic Scholars, ‘Ulamā and fuqahā relates to the second kind; valid disagreements, because they are established on valid reasons and evidences. They are also considered as a blessing for mankind. That is why these scholarly and fiqhī disagreements are always deeply admired. An important book scholarly written on the subject matter is ‘Kitāb al Tajrīd’ by Imām Qudūrī. This article is an introduction to his book ‘Kitāb al Tajrīd’ and its style. It is a distinct and excellent book of its kind. The features of the book motivate to discuss about it.

Respiratory Function Amongst Asymptomatic Hiv Positive and Hiv Negative Clients at Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi

Background: Spirometry is used to asses respiratory function abnormalities. This is usually in reference to a validated normal range unique to a particular gender, race, age, weight and height. Majority of persons are usually asymptomatic until the expected FEV1 has decreased by 50%. Early intervention on the abnormalities even in this asymptomatic group has been shown to retard the rate of pulmonary deterioration. An unpublished audit at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, revealed that majority of newly diagnosed HIV positive persons were admitted at the Critical Care Units with a pulmonary cause which later resulted in poor outcomes. This study explored possible existence of abnormal baseline respiratory function in HIV patients. Objectives: The primary objective was to determine the association between abnormal spirometry and HIV status amongst clients at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi. Methods: This was a cross-sectional analytical survey comparing prevalence of abnormal spirometry findings across two populations; asymptomatic HIV positive patients and HIV negative subjects. Results: 57%of the HIV positive subjects had abnormal spirometry findings as opposed to 18% of the HIV negative population. 3% of the abnormal spirometry in the HIV population was obstructive airway disease with restrictive and combined constituting 12% and 85% respectively. 64%of subjects with CD4 counts below 200 had abnormal spirometry results. Conclusion: The prevalence of abnormal spirometry findings was higher in the asymptomatic HIV population with worse function for those with CD4 below 200.