سعید الحق دیسنوی
حضرت سید صاحب رحمۃ اﷲ علیہ کے ایک لائق عزیز سعیدالحق دیسنوی پاکستان ریڈیو میں ایک بڑے عہدہ پر ممتاز تھے، ان کو حضرت سید صاحب سے قلبی لگاؤ تھا، انھوں نے ان پر انگریزی اخبارات و رسائل میں کئی مضمون لکھے، ان کی مشہور تصنیف خطبات مدراس کا انگریزی میں ترجمہ کیا، جو شائع ہوچکا ہے، ان کی دوسری تصنیف عرب و ہند کے تعلقات کا بھی ترجمہ کیا جو بالاقساط اسلامک کلچر حیدرآباد میں شائع ہوا، مشرقی پاکستان کی سلیمان اکیڈمی کے بھی بانیوں میں تھے، افسوس ہے کہ گزشتہ مہینہ ان کا انتقال ہوگیا اور ان کی ذہانت اور صلاحیت سے جو امیدیں تھیں وہ پوری نہ ہوسکیں، ان کی کل عمر اٹھاون سال تھی، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، اپریل ۱۹۶۸ء)
Pakistan’s involvement in the US war on terrorism was a tragic decision. No option was left for the ruling elite of Pakistan except to join the global war on terrorism and to take a U-turn from the support of Taliban’s regime in Afghanistan which was duly recognized by Pakistan’s government in 1996. It was expected by the policy-makers of the US that the alliance with Pakistan would provide extraordinary strength in combating the Al-Qaeda and other affiliated conglomerates in Afghanistan as well as in borderland area. However, after fifteen years of war, the alliance has enfeebled despite their mutual understanding regarding the objectives envisaged in the Strategic Partnership. The war on terrorism has now been escalated from Afghanistan to Pakistan and it has provided space to religious extremism, militancy, intolerance, ethnic division and sectarianism. There is no denial to the fact that religious extremism and terrorism are common threat and have damaged both the countries yet Pakistan has sacrificed more than the US in terms of human and material loss. Nevertheless, blame game and trust deficit is on the rise from both sides. This article focuses first on the joint ventures that the US and Pakistan mutually initiated to curb militant bloodbath in Afghanistan as well as in the border region. Secondly, it will explore factors responsible for increasing trust deficit between the partners. The study will not only provide deep understanding about the prevailing issues between Pakistan and the US but will also give true pictures to streamline the methodology for negotiating with each other in future.
Punjab province is the major wheat producing tract of the country and one-third of its total cultivated area is rainfed where rainfall is erratic and uncertain. This situation is a major limiting factor for wheat production. Understanding of genetic mechanism of drought tojerance is imperative to develop suitable wheat genotypes for these areas. Forty wheat genotypes possessing diverse genetic makeup were tested in field under medium rainfall conditions at Barani Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Chakwal and under high rainfall conditions at Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi. From these genotypes, eight contrasting genotypes (four each drought tolerant, Inqlab-91, MAW-1, Saleem-2000 and 2KC033 and drought susceptible No. 2495, 3C061, 3C062 and 3C066) were screened out on the basis of more/less yield reduction and were crossed in all possible combinations at BARI, Chakwal. F1 hybrids alongwith parents were grown at BARI, Chakwal under two conditions; irrigated and rainfed. Data were recorded for drought and yield related attributes and were analyzed to understand the genetic mechanisms of these traits. Results of genetic analysis and graphical analysis revealed that over dominance action of genes for number of fertile tillers per plant, number of grains per spike, 1000 grain weight, number of spikelets per spike, grain filling period, grain filling rate, grain yield per plant, dry weight at maturity, harvest index and protein contents remained unchanged under irrigated and rainfed conditions. Similarly additive type gene action was observed for peduncle length, plant height and number of days to maturity under both irrigated and rainfed conditions. Over dominance type of gene action for number of days to heading and flag leaf area under irrigated conditions changed to dominance under rainfed and for spike length under irrigated conditions changed to additive under rainfed conditions. Genrtic effects controlling for the expression of yield and yield components shifted due to the changed environments. Graphic presentation indicated that parental genotypes shifted their positions from recessive to dominant or the midway or vice versa, for the same trait in response to environmental change. It was noted from the graphs that gene control of certain traits was also modified due to change in environment. Recessive gene control for number of days to heading, grain yield per plant and harvest index under irrigated conditions changed to dominant gene control under rainfed while dominant gene control of 1000 grain weight under irrigated condition changed to recessive under rainfed condition. However, it was also found that gene action for many characters remained unchanged over environments. Genotypes Inqlab-91 and MAW-1 displaying similar constitution under both sowing conditions showed that these contained stable genes for those particular characters. The screened genotypes and breeding material so generated will serve as raw material for the breeders to develop high yielding and drought tolerant wheat varieties for the rainfed areas.