عہد نبوی میں حفاظت قرآن سے متعلق مستشرقین کے اعتراضات کا علمی جائزہ

Islam is the complete code of life. The Prophet (PBUH) and his companions made every effort to safeguard it. They handed it over in fully preserved form without any flaw to their true followers. However, adversaries of Islam have been trying to find faults with safety of Quran and the life of Prophet (PBUH). Orientalists are among them. Orientalists are those non-Muslim scholars, who do their research about Muslim’s beliefs, culture and values. Their purpose is to double edge. First to create doubts in the minds of Muslims regarding their religion. Secondly to marsh hated in the hearts and minds of non-believers. This is why these prejudiced scholars criticize Quran and the personal life of Prophet (PBUH). In the following discussion we have analyzed these objections in detail regarding the safeguard of the Holy Quran during the time of Muhammad (PBUH).

Perissodactyla Mammalia from the Middle Siwaliks of Potwar Plateau, Pakistan

The research work reports perissodactyl fossils from the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene Siwalik localities of northern Pakistan. The localities are located in three districts of northern Pakistan, namely Attock, Jhelum and Chakwal. The studied sites Jogi Maira, Kaulial Kas and Dhok Mila are situated in the Attock district; the sites Bhandar, Dhok Gojri and Hasnot are in the Jhelum district and the sites Naragghi, Dhok Pathan and Sethi-Nagri are in the Chakwal district. The outcrops range Nagri to Dhok Pathan Formations of the Middle Siwalik Subgroup. More than 175 perissodactyl samples were recovered. The recovered fossil material comprises the maxillary and mandible fragments, isolated lower and upper incisors, deciduous and permanent premolars and molars. The comparative morphometric features of the newly collected material indicate a diverse presence of perissodactyls in the Middle Siwalik Subgroup of Pakistan. The identified perissodactyl taxa include six species of hipparionines (Equidae), Hipparion sp. small, Cormohipparion sp., Sivalhippus anwari, Sivalhippus cf. nagriensis, Sivalhippus perimensis and Sivalhippus theobaldi; two species of family Rhinocerotidae, Chilotheriumcf. intermedium and Alicornops sp., and one species of family Chalicotheriidae, Anisodon sp. The newly recovered specimens of Sivalhippus anwari provides additional details about the morphometric features of this species. Sivalhippustheobaldi represents predominance among the Siwalik hipparionines. The recovered faunal list is compared with the perissodactyls of the Siwalik Group as well as with the Eurasian localities of the same age. The bivariate analysis indicates the intraspecies size variations. The Siwalik perissodactyls show adaptive as well as taxonomic diversity. Mesowear-I analysis shows low occlusal relief and rounded cusps of Sivalhippus nagriensis and S. anwari whereas other Siwalik hipparionine species show high occlusal relief and sharp cusps. The perissodactyls provide evidence of savannah to woodland habitats during the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene of the subcontinent. Such inhabiting areas of the Siwalik were also enriched by the different pouches of the moist and damp areas of forests.