شیخ ابن تیمیہ کےاصولی تفردات کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ An Analytical Study of the Ibn-e-Teymiyah’s Usooli Distinctions

The very existence of theology was a prelude to the competition of philosophy and the support of religion. Other religions, for the sake of legitimacy of their religion, have been raising objections to Islam in all respects. The mixture of nations, non-Arab influences, the negligent rhetoric of scholars and shaykhs, and the erroneous beliefs and practices of the people were tarnishing the clean face of Islam. In the time of Ibn Taymiyyah, there was an emphasis on theology. Theologians specialize in their knowledge and art of rationalism and logic. Their method consisted of reasoning and inference, rational and logical proofs. In contrast to them, the Hanbalis were holding the line of reasoning from the apparent meaning of verses and hadiths and texts. In the case of debates and debates, the weight of the theologians would be heavy and the opponent would be considered ignorant. Ibn Taymiyyah paid homage to the authenticity and supremacy of the Qur'an and Sunnah in such a way that he made critical commentary and analysis on philosophy and Greek logic and reasoned weaknesses and errors. One-half or two-thirds of his total writing services on the subject of speech and logic. This shows that Ibn Taymiyyah was feeling the need of defending Islam in this regard because in his time these sciences and arts had become very popular and common practice. The far-reaching effects of his thoughts and opinions in this regard have been felt in every age. The issues in which he has differed are the result of his research, jurisprudence and ijtihad, and constant reflection. The basis and foundation of which is the Quran and Sunnah, the interaction of companions and speculation. In these Ijtihad issues of hiss, there is a collection of arguments and proofs related to the Quran and Sunnah. In this article, an introductory and analytical study of Ibn Taymiyyah's fundamental differences will be presented.

Socio-Cultural and Psychological Frames of Reference in Developing Second Language Reading Skills in Pakistan

Socio-Cultural and Psychological Frames of Reference in Developing Second Language Reading Skills in Pakistan Second language reading skills are the most important skills to make a person functionally literate to face the challenges of the modern world, whereas Pakistani learners lack functional competency at advance level of second language reading. Basic bottleneck is the ignorance of the factors involved in reading and inappropriate teaching skills. Difficulty in reading relates to the mental faculty of learning, motivation, perception, reasoning and problem solving of learners. Pragmatic factors generated by socio- cultural and situational elements also play a vital role. The research done in the field indicates that there are external as well a internal forces working while second language teaching and learning takes place, therefore, if these factors are ignored while planning lessons the desired results can not be achieved. Assumptions about psychological processes have always been present in decisions about course content and teaching strategies often without the teacher being aware of them. It is commonly observed that many English language teachers in Pakistan are trained to be ignorant; to rely on the opinions of others instead of their own. There are two major implications for a language teacher, one is related to “teaching skills” and the second to “understanding” the process involved in it. The research done in the field confirms that essential element in literacy instruction is “the teacher” and that literacy is not accomplished through the “external controls” of prescribed programmes. To solve the problem we need to run professional development programs and cultivate the culture of “action research” in our educational institutions by acknowledging and improving the socio-cultural status of teachers.