Correlation between Onset of Renal Disease with Diabetes onset of renal disease in diabetics

Diabetes is associated with number of vascular and nonvascular complications, and the vascular complications which include Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), peripheral vascular disease (PVD), stroke, retinopathy, neuropathy, and Diabetic Kidney Diseases (DKD are responsible for most of the morbidity and mortality attributable to diabetes. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the correlation of onset of any renal disease with diabetes in Pakistani population. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at Medicine and Nephrology Departments of the Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore, over a period of 3 months, after obtaining the ethical approval from the The University of Lahore. A total number of 100 Diabetic patients were selected through non probability convenient sampling technique. Patients of both sexes and all age groups were included. Results: In this study 60% were male and 40% were female. Most of the patients belonged to lower socioeconomic status. Frequency of onset of diabetes with age showed that patients between age of 41-50 years (33%) were more susceptible to diabetes and its complications whereas onset of diabetes was relatively higher in males as compared to females. Frequency distribution of CVD among diabetic patients was 19%. Conclusions: Results of current findings showed that diabetes mellitus also leads toward further microvascular complications and co-exist with different diseases. 

Perceptions of the Stakeholders in the Government Education System About the Role of Professional Development Teachers

The study was conducted in the central district of Karachi, Pakistan. The sample of this study included one District Officer Education (DOE), one Supervisor, three head teachers, six teachers and three Professional Development Teachers. Since the focus of the study was to explore the perceptions of the stakeholders in the government education system about the role of PDTs, all the participants were selected from this system. The purpose of the establishment of the AKU-IED was to supplement government's efforts to improve the quality of education in the country through in-service teacher training. To achieve this objective, AKU- IED initially started working with fourteen government schools' in Karachi, called cooperating schools. Teachers from these cooperating schools participated in a two-year long Master in Education (M.Ed.) programmes offered by AKU-IED and were called Professional Development Teachers (PDTs), after completion of the programme. The purpose of the M.Ed. programme was to prepare a core of teacher educators who could, after completing the course, work with the teachers and help in improving the quality of education in their systems/contexts. Since 1995, quite a large number of teachers from the government education system, have obtained their M.Ed. degrees from AKU-IED and have been working in their systems/schools. During this time, very little effort has been made to understand the role of PDTs in the government system. This study is also a small effort to understand the role of PDTs from the perspective of the stakeholders with whom the PDTs are working. Using the qualitative research design, data was collected through interviews; using the semi structured interview guide and document analysis. This study will help to understand the role of PDTs in the government education system thus informing the stakeholders about the opportunities and challenge that the PDTs in the government system face. The study may help the administration of AKU-IED to look into the issues raised in the study and take remedial steps in order to enhance the PDTs role in the government education system, so that the goal of quality improvement can be achieved.