حضرت عائشہؓ کے اصول استنباط : ایک تحقیقی مطالعہ

This article dealt with the description of services of Hażrat ‘Āyeshah (R. A) in the field of principles of derivation of legal rules from the legal texts of the Holy Quran and prophetic traditions, which is the second part of the series, in first part Quran was focused in this regard while in this article other sources of Islamic law as Prophetic tradition etc. Have been discussed and their applications in the juristic approach of Hażrat ‘Āyeshah, likewise, Qiyās is a method that uses analogy/ comparison to derive Islamic legal rulings for new developments due to importance and the need of society. Umm Al-Momineen Hażrat ‘Āyeshah (R. A) used to derive a ruling for new situations that are not addressed by Qur’an and Sunnah. Istiḥsān is the fourth principle of derivation of Aḥkām. Likewise, other sources considered by her including Istiḥsān, Istisḥāb, ‘Urf as principle of derivation of Aḥkām. ‘Urf is an Arabic Islamic term referring to the custom or knowledge of a given society. Furthermore, the method adopted for research is deductive. The study found that Hażrat ‘Āyeshah applied the said sources in her process of derivation of legal rules of Islam, which were followed by Muslim jurists in this regard, So it is recommended that student of Islamic Law should study efforts of the companion of Prophet peace be upon him and their principles in the field.

Drug Induced Developmental Defects of Teeth

The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of commonly used drugs on the dental tissues. The dental tissues are sensitive to certain drugs if they are used by the conceiving mothers for a prolonged period of time during pregnancy. Some commonly used drugs were selected for this study e.g. aspirin, estrogen and lithium, which have been reported to affect the human tissues in intrauterine life, if used by the mothers. The study was conducted on the female rabbits. The experimental animals were divided into four groups, each of which having (n=7) subjects. Three of them for the study of drug treatments and the fourth one was taken as a control. Drugs were given with the predetermined doses according to their body weights, until the birth of their offsprings. The offsprings of these rabbits were used for the research purposes. Different parameters e.g. the variation in the size of the teeth, the contents and composition of mineral in the outer dental tissue i.e. enamel, and the ultrastructural changes of the enamel surfaces of teeth, investigated by SEM were included in the study. Analysis of teeth was done at the age of three months to examine the congenital defects developed during intrauterine life. Volumetric analysis was done on 672 samples before the extraction of teeth. The teeth were then extracted to analyze 336 samples for the mineral contents and to study the surface structure of enamel with the help of scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). A very large variation was observed in the results, within the samples, between the control and the experimental groups, from either the chemical analysis or the volumetric measurements. It was observed that the incisors and molars were esthetically and functionally the compromised teeth. It was apparent that the statistically significant results could not be achieved which have overshadowed the aggregate differences between the groups. However this study could help to establish the association of chronic use of certain drugs with the developmental anomalies of dental tissues. It may also guide the future investigators to work on the interaction of drug related factors in pathogenesis of different pathologies. It could possibly be helpful to achieve the aesthetic and functional goals in the field of dentistry. The study was expected to provide suggestions for the use of certain drugs during pregnancy and new leads for further research.