غیر مسلموں کی تقریبات میں شرکت کی حدود وقیود: ایک تجزیاتی مطالعہ

This article aims to highlight an important aspect of Islamic Law, which relates to social life of a Muslim. Islamic law promotes social harmony and tolerance, but it makes it balance in the light of basic principles and objectives of Shar'īah. Likewise, Islamic law determines social relation between Muslims with each other as well as the relation of Muslims with Non-Muslim citizens in the Islamic state. Furthermore, it is very significant to know that a Muslim can participate in the traditional and religious functions of Non-Muslim or not? Islamic law has made some parameters in this regard, in this research paper we have focused on this specific issue of Islamic law and tried to explain the legal status of this issue in the light of Quran, Prophetic traditions, and opinions of Muslim Scholars. The research method applied in this paper is descriptive and critical study of different school of thoughts is also provided. Muslims have a long history of mutual contacts with the non-Muslims guided by the Shar’īah principles as they have come together in every age in different political and geographical contexts. In the early days of Islam, Muslims were in the minority. At that time, Muslims participated in the social life of their non-Muslims neighbors. Islam respects other religions. Provides all kinds of facilities to non-Muslims. And allows Muslims to participate in their legitimate programs.۔

Cytochrome P450 Genetic Variants As Predictor of Personalized Therapy in Pakistani Population

The CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 polymorphism are associated with pretreatment drug response prediction, metabolism and disposition. Pakistan consists of a population comprising of various ethnic groups residing in different regions of the country each claiming diverse ethnic origins. The identification of the CYP450 genotypic composition of these populations is therefore necessary to avoid adverse drug reactions in these individuals. The study objective was to investigate the CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*17 frequency in nine Pakistani ethnic groups and to check their association with hypertension. DNA was extracted and analyzed by AS-PCR. Four phenotypes were observed and they were: extensive metabolizer (EM), poor metabolizer (PM), intermediate metabolizer (IM) and ultra-rapid metabolizer (UM). Regarding population, over all the percentage of predicted PM allele (CYP2C19*2) was 29.0% compared to (CYP2C19*17) UM allele 23.70%. Among the studied groups, Saraiki and Brahui showed highest percentage of PM allele (40%, 36%) whereas Parsi and Hazara had highest percentage of UM allele (37% and 30% respectively). In case of CYP2C9, CYP2C9*2 showed highest frequency in Saraiki (51%) and Burusho (45%), while in case of CYP2C9*3 Brahui (49%) and Hazara (47%) showed highest frequency. Overall, 75%, 25%; 64.2%, 35.8 % of CYP2C19*2 and 66.6%, 33.4%; 75.6%, 24.4% of CYP2C19*17 wild type and mutant allele frequency was observed in patients and controls (p<0.05). Similarly, 51%, 49%; 76%, 24% of CYP2C9*2 and 46.5%, 53.5%; 46%, 54% of CYP2C9*3 wild type and mutant allele frequency was observed in patients and controls (p<0.05). In conclusion the high prevalance of CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, CYP2C19*2 and *17 in Pakistani population leads to the recommendation of a pre-treatment test to monitor drug response and dosage (personalized medicine) to avoid post-treatment adverse drug reactions.