Educational Stratification and Nation Building Process in Pakistan

Abstract Pakistan has celebrated seven decades of independence but misfortunately the nation is still divided into several ideologies, believes, ethnicities, regionalism, provincialism, political and social classes. Throughout the world, education plays a significant role in nation building but the terrible upshot in Pakistan is the division of nation in the field of education and learning. There are numerous umbrellas under which our educational system is running. Therefore, current study objects to measure educational stratification and its effect on nation building process in Pakistan. In this regard, this research mainly focuses on four major prevailing educational systems such as; privately managed schools, public schools, army public schools and madarsa (religious educational institution). Data were collected through focus group discussions and analyzed by applying grounded approach theory. Four major themes emerged after data examination. These are uniformity of curricular, equal opportunities, political and bureaucratic involvement and lack of moral education. Study finds that education system is badly lacking in uniform ideology and moral learning. Furthermore, the poor system of education is negatively affecting nation building in Pakistan by enhancing public distrust, discrimination and regionalism. The results of the present study may be helpful in finding the way for uniform educational system which provide learning opportunities to every child without thinking of their caste, religion, language, economic class, political affiliation and ethnicity.

Selected Vertebratepests and Their Control in Targetedareas of Dist Toba Tek Singh, Punjab Pakistan

Vertebrate pests e.g. rodents, rabbits, bats, birds, ungulates etc. cause major problem for humans, agriculture & environment. In this study, only mouse and rabbits were selected for the study of their biology and how they can be controlled to obviate the damage they cause to agriculture and its by-products. They are found freely on terrestrial ecosystem, mainly in food crops, warehouses, gardens, in homes etc. Mainly they live by digging holes or by making tunnels in the ground. They are smaller sized mammals but most active around the clock. They have sharp teeth, well adapted sense of smell and hearing. They have whiskers on their mouth that provide special sense to run away from threat place or to detect what is happening around. Mice are mainly nocturnal & their presence can be detected by several ways like tracks, burrows, gnawing activity, and faecal droppings. Rabbit presence can also be detected by faeces, tunnels, tracks etc. Mice are sporadic feeders. Their diet mainly consist of cereals, dry fruits, nuts, butter etc., while rabbits are opportunistic feeders, mainly herbivores found eating grasses, fruits, vegetables etc. As they are part of nature and are necessary to maintain balance in ecosystem, aesthetic value of nature, but they become most irritating when they rush to human localities and found causing damage there. They are very active and motile and sometimes it becomes difficult to observe their activities. By practising a single method to control them and avoid damage they are causing is mostly insufficient. To trap them, several different strategies are adopted so that they can be managed properly and amount of loss can be reduced. Mostly they infect humans by causing diseases to them directly or indirectly, moreover they spoil food, damage the crops, and destroy warehouses & the risk increases many times if they destroy the seeds that have to be sown in the next growing season. Several methods can be applied to control these pests that are practically very important against them. These methods include cage trapping, habitat modification, and control by using rodenticides, anticoagulants and other toxins. Biological control is most safe way to manage them, as no risk factors are involved in this strategy. Predators like hawks, fox, wild cats and dogs etc. are introduced in affected area for selected vertebrate pests (mouse and rabbit) to get rid of them effectively. Their predators easily locate and prey on these pests.