موضوع2:تدوینی اصطلاحات
متن:
• تدوین کے لیے وہ تحریر جسے کوئی ترتیب دینا چاہے۔
• متن اس عبارت کو کہتے ہیں جسے آسانی سے پڑھا جا سکے اور قرات کے دوران اس کی تفہیم ہو سکے۔ متن سے ہم تاریخ یا ماضی سے تعلق رکھنے والی وہ عبارت
• مراد لیتے ہیں جس کی ترتیب مقصود ہو۔جسے دریافت کیا گیا ہو اور جو تحقیقی اہمیت کی حامل ہو۔
تدوین :
• کسی تصنیف کے مختلف نسخوں کا مقابلہ کرکے درست متن تیار کرنا
• کسی مصنف کی منتشر تخلیقات یا کسی تخلیق کے منتشر اجزائ کو صحیح ترتیب سے جمع کرنا
مدون:
تدوین کا کام کرنے والا
مرتب:
کتابوں کی ترتیب دینے والا
دیوان:
وہ مجموعہ کلام جس میں شعراء کی نظمیں اور غزلیں جمع کی جاتی ہیں۔
مخطوطہ:
کسی مصنف کے ہاتھ سے لکھی ہوئی تحریر کو کہتے ہیں۔
منسوخ/قلم زد:
وہ تخلیقات یا تخلیق کا حصہ جسے مصنف نے خارج کردیا ہو۔
موازنہ:
ایک متن کے مختلف نسخوں کے اندراجات کا تقابلی مطالعہ کرکے مناسب ترین کا تعین
اختلاف نسخ:
تدوین کرتے وقت مختلف نسخوں میں جو اختلافات ملتے ہیں انھیں اختلاف نسخ کہا جاتا ہے، ان کو یک جا کردیا جاتا ہے تاکہ قاری کے سامنے دونوں صورتیں آجائیں۔
نسخہ:
کسی قلمی یا مطبوعہ کتاب کی ایک جلد کو نسخہ کہتے ہیں۔
اساسی نسخہ/بنیادی نسخہ:
کسی پرانی قلمی کتاب یا مخطوطے کے جب کئی نسخے موجود ہوں تو ان میں سے وہ نسخہ جسے بنیاد مان کر تدوین متن کی جائے اساسی نسخہ کہلاتا ہے۔
خطی نسخہ/قلمی نسخہ/دستخطی نسخہ:
مصنف کے ہاتھ کا لکھا یا ٹائپ کیا ہوا نسخہ دستخطی نسخہ کہلاتا ہے۔
آمیختہ نسخہ:
وہ نسخہ جس کا متن پہلے کے دو نسخوں سے ملا کر تیار کیا گیا ہو۔
The development of Islamic boarding schools is one of the targets for sharia economic development which is based on the understanding of the halal value chain where the development of Islamic economics and finance summarizes various initiative programs including the development of Islamic boarding schools. The purpose of this study is to describe how the implementation of the Islamic Boarding School Accounting Guidelines at Al Huda Islamic Boarding School which is more focused on the readiness of HR at Al Huda Islamic Boarding School in applying the Islamic Boarding School Accounting Guidelines. The Al Huda Islamic boarding school was chosen as the research locus because the Al Huda Islamic Boarding School was appointed by Bank Indonesia Gorontalo Representative Office as a pilot project for the Pesantren (Islamic Boarding School) which applies the Islamic Boarding School Accounting Guidelines. The stages of the research method began with observations and results of interviews with informants from the board of the Al-Huda Islamic Boarding School. The results showed that there was a desire to apply these guidelines in the Al-Huda Islamic boarding school. Even though treasurers, secretaries and operators do not have a basic knowledge of the Economics of Accounting, the existing human resources are ready to apply the Pesantren accounting guidelines, of course, adjusting to the needs of the Al-Huda Islamic boarding school. The author sees that there is no urgency in implementing Islamic boarding school accounting guidelines at the Al-Huda Islamic boarding school because the reporting entity is the foundation that houses the Al-Huda Islamic boarding school, the Al Huda Islamic Education and Da'wah Foundation, Gorontalo. The foundation is fully responsible for the donors or the community.
Hypertension is the most common cardiovascular disease around the globe. A variety of chronic diseases including hypertension has been treated using herbal medicines because herbal products are considered non toxic and safe therefore indicated for primary health care. The belief that herbal products are economical and safe, people in developing countries like Pakistan always preferred herbal drug products over synthetic allopathic medicine. The economical cost of these products has increased its use all around the world and they are in high demand now days. The escalating use of these remedies bring concerns for health regulatory agencies, about its misuse and possible toxic effects as people commonly used herbal medicine are often unaware of it. These products may be contaminated with toxic synthetic compounds, chemical toxins, microbes and adulterated with undeclared allopathic drug contents. Manufacturing protocols for production and quality control procedure required for herbal products are often Inadequate; due to which contaminants become additional part of these drug products during manufacturing and improper handling. Therefore; herbal medicines demands a critical analysis of safety issues. In current study different herbal remedies indicted for hypertension were evaluated both in raw material and finished dosage. Evaluation of the procured herbal drug products were carried out using state of the art techniques. Pharmaceutical properties for raw and finished dosage form were evaluated as specified in Pharmacopeias. Heavy metals were identified by AAS (atomic absorption spectrophotometer), Analytical profile index kits (API Kits) were used for identification of microbial contaminant strains and adulterated allopathic ABSTRACT drugs and synthetic steroids were quantified using advanced HPLC analytical techniques. Pharmaceutical parameters required for standard dosage form was found vary both in raw and finished form of the tested drug products. The MC (moisture contents) and (loss on drying) LOD % were observed beyond specified limits. Similarly, variation in weight of Tablets of products (P1, P2, P6, P12, P16, P17, P19, and P20) and hardness of products (P1, P3, P8 and P11) were not in specified limits. Products (P3, P9 and P1) failed the friability test. The concentrations of heavy metal were quantified and found in toxic levels. Product P5 and P9 were found to have toxic concentrations of Iron (1597.20 ppm, 1648 ppm), Lead in Product P5 in concentrations of (61.32ppm, 16.59 ppm), Cadmium in Product P11 and P12 were quantified as (39.53 ppm, 32.31 ppm), Product P15 and P17 were observed to have toxic concentrations of Copper (28.22 ppm, 21.04 ppm), (80.31 ppm,76.27 ppm) of Zinc were quantified in products P16 and P16 and Nickel was found in higher concentrations in Product P9 and P13. Adulterated allopathic drugs including β-blockers, Ca+2 channel blockers, ACE inhibitors and diuretics were identified in different tested herbal remedies and were further quantified according to the manufacturer dose. The allopathic drugs were found in sub-therapeutic and in toxic concentrations. Amlodipine was quantified in Product P12 in highest concentration (20.30 mg/day) while the toxic concentrations of Verapamil (93.50 mg/day) and Nifedipine (38.65 mg/day) were found in Products P2 and P6 respectively. Similarly, Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide combination in the dose range of (10.72 mg/day, 24.75 mg/day) were quantified in Product P5. Moreover adulterations of Atenolol (50.06±1.20 mg/day), Propranolol (28.26±0.06 ii ABSTRACT iii mg/day), Captopril (52.99±0.49 mg/day) and Frusemide (42.02±0.88 mg/day) were observed both in raw and finished form of different herbal products. Synthetic steroidal contents of Prednisolone (4.18±0.02 mg/day, Methyl Prednisolone (13.67±0.50 mg/day), Betamethasone (0.56±0.06 mg/day) and Dexamethasone (1.75±0.11 mg/day) were quantified using standard analytical protocols. This study gives an idea about the potential toxicity caused by herbal products as the public is unaware of its inadequate manufacturing and quality control processes. Moreover adulteration of synthetic compounds without preclinical studies by quacks in order to enhance the efficacy of herbal drug products brings serious concerns to public health and their administration may cause severe toxicity. Therefore to maximize consumer safety, appropriate rules and regulations must be developed for the registration, production and marketing of herbal remedies.