فقه الوسطية عند الصحابة في العلاقات الإجتماعية

Moderation is the most distinguishing feature of Islām, which reigns all the matters and fields of the Muslim life. The Muslim nation is titled as the moderate one in the Qur’ān. It is therefore required that along with the Qur’ān and Sunnah, moderation should reflect through Islāmic jurisprudence, too, in the individual as well as the collective matters of Muslims. The author of this present study traces the roots of moderation in the collective matters of the first community of Muslims, i. E., the companions of the Prophet (SAW), who directly received the understanding of the Islām from the Prophet (SAW), therefore, they are the true examples to follow. The companions would consider the circumstances and situations to issue their jurisprudential verdicts. This is very much evident, especially, from the verdicts of the second caliph ‘Umar Ibn Khaṭṭāb. The companions would observe the principle of moderation to generate love and reverence for the religion Islām. If they had stuck stringently to mere rules and regulations, they would not have succeeded in the spread of Islām in the world. The author shows through their examples that how essential and significant it is to observe the principle of moderation while compiling jurisprudence and how to avoid exorbitance and stringency. To observe moderation needs a deep understanding of the true spirit of religion and great skills to practice it which the companions did have being the direct disciples of the Prophet (SAW). We need to follow their example without yielding to the whims of irreligious or secular modernity.

A Comparative Study of Teaching Practices and Students Maladaptive Behaviors at Secondary Level

This study was comparative study of teaching practices and maladaptive behaviors of the students of three armed forces colleges. In which both the methods qualitative and quantitative were used. The major purpose of this study was to compare the teaching practices in three armed forces colleges and find out most common teaching practices. The study was also focused on comparison of maladaptive behaviours of the students and find out most common maladaptive behaviours of secondary level students. Efforts were also made to find out the reasons and possible solutions of those behaviours. Researcher has selected three armed forces colleges. The study focused on secondary level students and teachers. Target population for this study was seven hundred and ninety nine students. Total three hundred and sixty students were selected from the target population, among them one hundred and eighty were males and one hundred and eighty females. All teachers (sixty six) who were teaching at secondary level in three armed forces colleges. Researcher has designed two separate questionnaires for students and teachers. SPSS software was used to analyze the data. Statistical techniques mean difference, frequency distribution; one way ANOVA, t-test and chi square were used to examine the data. Analysis of variance was used to find out significant difference between teaching practices, t-test was used to find out gender differences and chi square was used to find out significant differences between maladaptive behaviors of the students. Main findings indicated that there were significant differences in teaching practices in three armed forces colleges at secondary level. It was concluded that behaviors like bullying, fighting, abusing, disrespect, irregular, whispering, talking during lecture etc. were common in the students of armed forces colleges, but significant differences were found in these behaviors, fighting, refusal to follow instruction, annoying other children, paying attention to something else, interruption etc. The results also indicated significant differences in the opinion of male and female students. The findings of the research will be equally important for the teachers, parents and administrators of secondary schools.