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Coverage of Security Related Legislations, Plans and Reforms in National English Press: M. Phil Mass Communication

Thesis Info

Author

Nausheen Yusuf

Supervisor

Saqib Riaz

Program

Mphil

Institute

Allama Iqbal Open University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

xvi, 134p.

Language

English

Other

Classification: 070.433 NAC

Added

2022-07-09 15:11:20

Modified

2023-02-19 12:33:56

ARI ID

1676729782579

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علامہ اقبال کی طلباء سے توقعات

علامہ اقبال کی طلبا سے توقعات
طالب علم کو ہر شخص بنظر استحسان دیکھتا ہے اپنی پہلی نظر میں جو تصور اُس کے ذہن میں آتا ہے وہ یہی ہوتا ہے کہ یہ بچہ بڑا ہو کر ملک و قوم کی خدمت کرے گا، ماں باپ کی فرمانبرداری کرے گا، ہر ایک کے ساتھ حسنِ سلوک کے ساتھ پیش آئے گا۔ اور وُہ طالب علم بھی بڑا خوش نصیب ہے جو اپنے بزرگوں کی توقعات پر پورا اترتا ہے۔
حضرت علامہ اقبال رحمۃ اللہ علیہ جو حکیم الامت بھی ہیں پوری دنیا ان کی عظمت کو سلام کرتی ہے ان کے اشعار جو دیوان کی صورت میں موجود ہیں ، اخلاق حسنہ پیدا کرنے میں ایک اہم رول ادا کرتے ہیں۔ یہ اپنے ان اشعار کے ذریعے خوابید ہ قوم کو بیدار کرنے کی کوشش کرتے ہیں۔
طلباء کے بارے میں جونظریات ،خیالات، تصورات، دیگر سلف صالحین کے ہیں ان سے ملتے جلتے علامہ اقبال رحمۃ اللہ علیہ کے خیالات اور توقعات ہیں۔ طلباء کے اندر وُہ چیز جوان کی شخصیت کونکھارنے کے لیے اہم رول ادا کرتی ہے مطالعہ ہے، مطالعہ کا عادی طالب علم اپنے ہم مکتب ساتھیوں میں، اپنے ہم عمر دوستوں میں عزت کی نگاہ سے دیکھا جاتا ہے، کمرۂ جماعت میں وہ مطمئن اور پرسکون ہوتا ہے، کیونکہ جو اسباق اس نے پڑھنے ہوتے ہیں وہ اس کی نظر سے پہلے گزر چکے ہوتے ہیں اور ان کی تشریحات سے پہلے ہی اس کی آشنائی ہوتی ہے۔
دوسری اہم خصوصیت جو طالبعلم کے لیے انتہائی ناگزیر ہے وہ صفائی ہے اور صفائی تو ویسے ہی ایمان کا حصہ ہے، صفائی اور پاکیزگی کی موجودگی طالب علم میںفہم وفراست کے اضافہ کا سبب بنتی ہے نفیس طبع طالب علم دیگر طلباء کی نسبت مستعد اور چاک و چوبند رہے ہیں۔ ان کی صلاحیتیں...

Human Papilloma Virus Related Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma-an updated review

Human papilloma virus (HPV) related head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) has varying etiology, genetic as well as environmental factors involved and differential clinicicopathological features. HNSCC came in the limelight recently due to increased incidence rate and insufficient diagnostic methods. This review will comprehensively focus on the characteristics of HPV associated HNSCC.  It will provide an updated review of our understanding of HPV role in Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) known to date. Curruntly, three vaccines are available (Gardasil, Gardasil 9 and Cervarix). These vaccines prevent infections with HPV types 16 and 18 HPV-16 is most common type associated with HNSCC. HPV related HNSCC has better prognosis, does not mutate  but inactivatestumor suppressor genes and therefore has comparatively better treatment options. However, there is still a need to improve our methods of sampling, HPV molecular assay and type of specimen to be used.

Relay-Aided Communication Schemes for Wilreless Multiple Access and Multicast Channels

User cooperation through relaying is a powerful tool to combat fading and to increase robustness of wireless networks. This thesis explores cooperative schemes for wireless multiple access and multicast channels in the presence of a single dedicated relay. Novel cooperative schemes presented here are based upon relay performing decode-and-forward (DF), noisy network coding (NNC) or a combination of both DF and NNC. The first half of this thesis presents cooperative schemes for a multiple access channel. It considers an uplink non-orthogonal multiple access relay channel (NOMARC) in which multiple users wish to communicate to a single base-station (BS) with the help of a single dedicated relay. Firstly for a two- user setup, we derive the improved achievable rate region by employing NNC-only relaying as opposed to conventional compress-and-forward (CF) relaying. Next, for the multiple user setup, we propose a novel Joint NNC-DF (J-NNC-DF) scheme that utilizes DF cooperation when messages from all user are successfully decoded at the relay and NNC when the relay is unable to decode message of any one of the users. In the scenario when the relay is capable of successfully decoding messages from only a subset of users, J-NNC-DF performs joint DF and NNC encoding with DF applied to the set of messages that were decoded successfully, and NNC for the set of messages that were not decoded successfully. After presenting the achievable rate regions, we derive closed form expression for probability of outage for the proposed schemes. These outage expressions permit selection of optimal quantizer noise variance selection to minimize probability of outage. Both analysis and simulations confirm that the proposed J-NNC-DF scheme outperforms other existing benchmarks such as DF-only, NNC-only and NNC-or-DF. In the second part of this dissertation, we propose a cooperative scheme for a downlink multicast network in which a BS wishes to communicate the same message to multiple users with the help of a single dedicated relay. For this setup, we propose a layered multiplexed-coded decode-and-forward (LMDF) relaying scheme. This scheme comprises of two major components: layering at the BS and mulitplexed DF encoding at the relay. BS message is split into two layers, independentlyencoded and mapped to a quadrature amplitude modulated (QAM) constellation, thus achieving superposition. The benefit of superposition coding of the two layers is that it allows partial message recovery at the relay and the users. On the other hand, multiplexed coding at the relay enables each user to divert all channel resources towards decoding the layer(s) that remains unrecoverable from the BS’s transmission. After deriving achievable rate regions, performance comparison is carried out for the proposed schemes against superposition coded and unlayered BS transmissions. In short, the dissertation proposes, analyzes and simulates J-NNC-DF and LMDF as viable candidates for future generation wireless communication networks.