بھیڑیا تے بھیڈ
اک جنگل وچ اِک خون خوار بھیڑیا رہندا سی۔ اوہ بہت ظالم سی تے جانوراں دے بچے کھا جاندا سی۔ اوسے جنگل وچ اک بھیڈ اپنے پنج بچیاں نال رہندی سی۔ اوس دے بچے بہت شرارتی سن۔ بھیڑیے دی اوہناں بچیاں اتے نظر سی۔ اوس نوں کھاون دا کوئی موقع نئیں سی مل رہیا۔
بھیڈ سویرے اپنے بچیاں نوں روٹی کھوا کے کم تے ٹر جاندی۔ اوہ اپنے بچیاں نوں آکھدی کہ گھر دے اندر ای کھیڈنا ایں۔ شرارتاں نئیں کرنیاں تے جے کوئی بوہا کھڑکاوے تاں تصدیق کرن توں پہلاں بوہا نئیں کھولنا۔ ایہہ آکھ کے بھیڈ کم تے چلے جاندی۔
اک دن بھیڈ دے کم اتے جاون توں بعد بھیڈ دے بچے شرارتاں کردے ہوئے گھروں باہر آ گئے۔ باہر بھیڑیا بیٹھا اوہناں نوں ویکھ رہیا سی۔ جدوں بھیڑیا اوہناں اتے حملہ آور ہویا تاں اوہ ڈور کے اندر آ گئے تے بوہا بند کر لیا۔ بھیڑیا ناکام ہو کے بوہے دے اک پاسے بہہ کے اوہناں نوں کھاون دا کوئی ہور پلان بناون لگ پیا۔ تیسرے پہر اوس نے بوہا کھڑکایا۔ بچیاں نے پچھیا کون؟ بھیڑیے جواب دتا میں تہاڈا ماما۔ تہاڈی ماں نے کھاون پین دا سامان دے کے مینوں تہاڈے ول گھلیا اے۔ ایہہ سامان لے لو۔ اوہناں بوہا کھول دتا تے بھیڑیے نے اندر وڑ دے ای اوہناں اتے حملہ کر دتا تے دو بچے کھا گیا۔ باقی بچیاں لک کے اپنی جان بچائی۔ بھیڑیے جان توں بعد وی بچے لکے رہے تے بوہا کھلا رہیا۔
جدوں شام نوں بھیڈ کم توں واپس آئی تاں گھر دا بوہا کھلا ویکھ کے پریشان ہو گئی۔ اوس گھر داخل ہو کے اپنے بچیاں نوں آواز ماری پہلا اک بچہ اپنی ماں دے سامنے آیا تے مڑ دوسرے وی...
The era of caliphate was the golden era of Islam. In this era the boundaries of Islamic state spread far and wide. From the caliphate of Abubakkar saddique (RA) Islamic conquest had started. At that time the Muslim armies reached Syria and Byzentine. But the first arrival of sahaba in Afghanistan was in the caliphate of Hazrat Umar (RA). The torchbearer of Islam came here for the preaching of Islam and to lead these people and turn their lives according to Quran and Sunnah. Before the advent of Islam Afghanistan was the centre of Buddhist and other several faiths. Through the efforts of these companions of Muhammad (S.A.W) Islam got spread through the mountains and deserts of Afghanistan and all the Pathan tribes enter in the holy deen. In the following lines we will discuss thier efforts and journeys towards Afghanistan.
Mungbean is superior over all other pulses because it is rich in proteins (24.2%), carbohydrates (60.4%), dietary fiber (14.73%) and very low in fat (0.67%) and can substitute meat quite well especially for poor people. This valuable & high nutritive pulse has low yield due to the shortage of irrigated land as large agricultural land is affected by salt. Its yield can be increased by utilizing huge saline affected fields for its cultivation. Due to salt-sensitive nature of mungbean, five renowned genotypes NM-92, NM-98, NM-51, NM13-1, and NM19-19 were first evaluated under 0, 50, 150, 250 & 350 mM NaCl stress in this study at seedling stage. Among all genotypes NM-92 performed better for all growth, photosynthetic parameters, total soluble proteins, and antioxidant enzymes such as POD, CAT and SOD while, NM19-19 so considered to be highly sensitive at all concentration of NaCl. These two genotypes were further evaluated for cytotoxicity of NaCl. Where, NM-92 showed significantly higher mitotic index and the lesser number of chromosomal aberrations like stickiness in the chromosome, lagged anaphase, spiralization of chromosomes, bridge and disturbed anaphase then NM19-19 genotype. Therefore, enhancing further salt tolerance in mungbean plants to utilize huge saline agricultural lands, application of heat-shock (40 °C for 1h) and phytohormones (GAᴣ, IAA, and SA for 24h) were effective to minimize the adverse effect of salinity. For this purpose, pre- and post-imbibition of phytohormones were first assessed to find out the most effective treatment for salt tolerance. This experiment showed that pre-imbibition treatment of phytohormone alleviates salt stress much better than post-treatment of phytohormone. Furthermore, heat-shock (40 °C), was also able to induce salt tolerance when applied prior to salt stress. The pre-treatment effect of heat-shock (40 °C), gibberellic acid (100 μM), indole acetic acid (100 μM), and salicylic acid (50 μM) on salt-stressed seedlings were investigated for some growth, photosynthetic, biomolecular, and biochemical parameters. Where, the maximum increase in seedling length, fresh biomass, total photosynthetic pigments, total soluble protein, and activities of SOD, APX, GPX, & CAT were found in SA pre-imbibed seedlings as compared to control, and any treatments. In contrast, proline, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde contents were decreased in SA pre-treated salt stressed seedlings. Moreover, protein profile and dendrogram analysis grouped 25 treatments into 6 clusters. Where group of treatments in each cluster showed 100 % homology when comparison was made. However, pre-imbibition of SA treatment showed more divergent and higher number of protein bands among all treatments. Therefore, salicylic acid has a positive role in the mitigation of damage caused by salt stress for all mungbean genotypes. Thus, it is recommended that 50 μM salicylic acid pre-imbibed mungbean seeds have potential to be efficiently grow and give high yield on salt affected zone of the cultivable region, and among all genotypes NM-92 performed best and proved to be most salt tolerant genotype.