پولیس حدود وقصاص کے مقدمات رپورٹ کرتی ہے ، پھر اس کو عدلیہ کے سامنے لاتی ہے ۔ حدودو قصاص کے معاملات میں گواہوں کا نہ ملنا ، موقع سے ثبوت کا مٹ جانا ، تفتیشی آفیسرز کا مجرموں کے ساتھ ساز باز کرکے مقدمے کو بگاڑ نا یہ سب شعوری طور پر بھی ہوتا ہے اور کبھی لا شعوری طور پر بھی ۔ پولیس کا متضرر کے ساتھ عدم تعاون اور کارکردگی میں سستی قوانین حدودوقصاص میں رکاوٹ کا باعث ہے ، جس کی وجہ سے مجرموں کو سزا ملنا مشکل ہو جاتا ہے۔
Education plays a very important role in the life of individulals, society and the state. Dawa, tarbiya and modern media are also considered informal parts of education. Edcuational issues being confronted by the Pakistani community today are not mere outcome of recent government policies but are rather extension of legacy of our colonial past. Aligarh is the symmbol of Westernized modern education advocated by pro-West Sir Syed Ahamd Khan whereas Deoband is the role model of religious education sponsored by the religious elite of that time. The former is deprived of religious education and tarbiya while the latter ignores secular knowledge and skills. The need of the hour is that we get rid of this educational dichotomy and develop an holistic educational system integrating healthy aspecths of both these streams so that graduates of general and modern education do benefit from religious norms; and graduates of religious education are also well aware of modern knowledge and skills. We will discuss these issues in this paper in perspective of Dr. Mahmood Ahmad Ghazi’s reflections on this topic.
Population dynamics of P. xylostella was studied on cauliflowers in Haripur, Peshawar and Swat districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, having different altitudes and climatic conditions, during the two seasons from June to November in 2012 and 2013. The highest population of larvae and pupae per cauliflower plant was recorded in the month of September in all areas whereas the lowest was measured during July in both years. The population dynamics was correlated with the weather parameters and it was found that there was statistically non-significant (P>0.05) associations with temperatures (maximum and minimum) whereas the interaction with the relative humidity (RH) was non-significant in Haripur (2012 & 2013) and Swat (2013) and significant in Peshawar (2012 & 2013) and Swat (2012). Rainfall (RF) had a negative and highly significant (P<0.01) association with the population of P. xylostella. Multiple Regressions displayed 87.56 to 98.06% variability in population dynamics of P. xylostella in the studied areas due to weather parameters. To determine genetic variability among the populations of P. xylostella, 3rd and 4th instar larvae were collected from Haripur, Peshawar and Swat having distinct geographic conditions and altitudes and were investigated by using RAPD (DNA) primers technique. Seventeen primers were used that produced 64 bands at different loci within a range of between 250 to 1500 bp. The bands produced were all monomorphic and no polymorphisms were detected in the three populations. For the management of P. xylostella Lufenuron (5% EC-200ml/Acre), Steward (15.84% EC-175ml/Acre), Emamectine Benzoate (1.9% EC-200ml/Acre) and Arrivo (10% EC-250ml/Acre) pesticides were used in cauliflower. Lufenuron was found significantly more effective in terms of pest suppression, highest biological efficacy (B.E) and yield as well found safe for the parasitoids as compared to all other insecticides whereas Arrivo insecticide was found at par with the control. Similarly garlic, tomato, chilli and coriander were intercropped with cauliflower for two seasons to manage the infestation of P. xylostella. Garlic reduced the population significantly (P<0.01) as compared to other intercrops and likewise, the highest average yield, maximum percent gain over the control and avoidable losses per plot was obtained in cauliflower + garlic plots whereas the lowest yield (30.16 Kg/40 plants), minimum percent gain (7.56%) and percent avoidable losses (7.03%) was attained from the cauliflower plots intercropped with the coriander. Synchronized study was conducted of the best insecticide (Lufenuron) and intercrop (garlic) obtained from the previous experiments against P. xylostella in cauliflower. Lufenuron + garlic interaction showed significant results with highest biological efficacy (85.08 %), highest gain (90.68%) over control and percent avoidable losses (47.56%) and to suppress the infestation of P. xylostella as compared to their independent encounters. The combination of Lufenuron + garlic is recommended for farmer’s practices in cauliflower for the management of P. xylostella.