تبصرے
"گونجتی سر گوشیاں"کی گونج
نعمان نذیر
دور حاضر میں تانیثی تھیوری،تانیثی تنقید غالب مو ضوعات میں سے ہے۔ جس کی بنیاد زیادہ تر ایک رواج عام کی سی بن گئی ہے ۔بہت غیر متعلقہ موضوعات اور بحثوں کو تانیثیت کے ساتھ جوڑا جارہا ہے۔ یہ تو رہی صورتحال تنقید کی۔اب تخلیق کی بات کی جائے تو یہ بات بھی قابل غور ہے کہ ہمارے ہاں اس ضمن میں تخلیقات کی صورتحال کیا ہے؟ خوین قلم کار اپنے آپ کو مردوں کے قائم کردہ ڈسکورس سے باہر نکالنے میں کامیاب ہوئی ہیں؟اور اس کا جواب ہاں میں ہے تو اس سے بھی اہم سوال یہ ہے کہ اس بندش کو توڑنے کی نوعیت کیا ہے؟کیا وہ محض ضد کا رویہ رکھے ہوئے ہیں اور عورت کا بیان ایسی صورتحال میں کر رہی ہیں جو عورت کے استحصال پہ ختم ہو ساتھ ہو ہو یا واقعی اپنی ذات یا ہم جنسوں کے جذبات کی عکاسی کرتی دکھائی دیتی ہیں۔محض عورت کے ساتھ ہونے والے استحصال کے بیان کا نام ہی تانیثی شعور نہیں،کہ اس کی مظلو میت کی داستانیں رقم کر کے ہمدردی کے وقتی جذ بات وصول کر ے بلکہ اس کردار کو ایک مکمل کردار گروپ میں بھی دکھانا چاہیے کہ ان کو پڑھ کہ روایتی لا چارگی کے بجائے ہمت کی مثال بھی قائم ہو۔
اردو افسانے کا شمار اردو کی اہم اصناف میں ہوتا ہے دور حاضر میں اس کی اہمیت اور بھی بڑھ گئی ہے۔جہاں انسان کے پاس خود کے لئے بھی وقت نہیں ہے۔خواتین قلم کاروں نے بھی اس میں اہم اضا فے کیے ہیں۔ اسی تناظر میں اپنی نوعیت کی ایک منفرد تحریر ''گونجتی سرگوشیاں'' کے نام سے منظر عام پر آئی۔ اس کتاب میں سات...
Objective: Diabetes is more prevalent mainly in Asian population, but the incidence proportion and likelihood are still unknown due to lack of evidence and proper research, therefore in this research paper the main aim is to assess the relative risk of diabetes mellitus in obese people in Pakistan.
Methodology: A case control study was conducted on 233 participants including diabetic and non-diabetic. The participants were approached from different clinics and hospitals from Nov 2021 to April 2022 using convenient sampling technique. Participants’ age, body mass index and weight category were measured. The odds and relative risk ratio were calculated for diabetic patients in obese people.
Results: It was found that among the obese population, the odds of having diabetes were 3.85 times greater than that of non-obese adults whereas relative risk was also found to 2.17 times higher than that of non-obese population with the p-value <0.05.
Conclusions: The prevalence of obesity is higher in diabetic population as compared to non-diabetic individuals. This increases the chances of developing diabetes in obese population as compared to the individuals with normal weight.
Introduction: Helicobacter pylori is a common bacterial infection in humans with early acquisition in childhood. It is adapted to the gastric environment and has been associated with chronic active gastritis, peptic ulcers, atrophic gastritis, gastric adenocarcinoma and mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. H. pylori strains bearing the Cytotoxin Associated Gene-A (CagA) gene have enhanced pathogenicity and have been strongly linked with increased risk for gastric carcinoma in adulthood. Objectives: The primary objective was to determine the prevalence of CagA positive strains in children with H. pylori infection. The secondary objectives were to compare CagA status and endoscopy findings and to determine their correlation with Iron deficiency in children with H. pylori infection. Methodology: A cross sectional survey was carried out in 73 children under the age of 15 years who had undergone Upper Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy and had H. pylori identified on histology. Consent was obtained from the caregivers before administering a questionnaire on bio data and clinical history. Blood samples were drawn and evaluated for anti- CagA IgG antibodies using ELISA to determine prevalence of CagA positive H. pylori infection. Endoscopy findings, iron status as determined by serum ferritin level, haemoglobin level, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) were compared with CagA status. Data Analysis: Data on age were summarized using median (IQR), categorical data were summarized using frequencies and percentages. Prevalence was determined as proportion with CagA positive H. pylori infection as numerator and all children with H. pylori infection as denominator. The association between CagA and demographic characteristics (gender and age-groups) were determined using Chi square test and logistic regression. Relationship between iron deficiency anaemia and endoscopy findings as exposure variables and CagA status as outcome was analysed. In view of the small sample size, exact logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and the corresponding confidence interval. Precision was estimated using 95% confidence interval with p-values of ≤0.05 being considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were done using STATA version 14. Results: Children below the age of 15years (median age of nine years (IQR six to 13) were recruited, 50.7% (n=37) were males. The overall prevalence of CagA was 60.3% (95% CI=48.1% - 71.5%). H. pylori infection was highest in the 5-11 year age group with a prevalence of 59.5% had CagA positive strain. The difference in proportion between the age groups was however not statistically significant (Exact p-value