ڈپٹی حبیب اﷲ خان
افسوس ہے کہ گزشتہ ماہ مارچ کی ۱۴/کوڈپٹی حبیب اﷲ خاں صاحب کا ۹۷ برس کی عمر میں علی گڑھ میں انتقال ہوگیا۔مرحوم سرسید مرحوم کے خاص صحبت یافتہ اور اُن کافیض اُٹھائے ہوئے تھے۔اُن کاحافظہ بلاکاتھا۔سرسید کی تحریک اوراس تحریک کے اعضاء و ارکان کے حالات وسوانح کاجہاں تک تعلق ہے مرحوم اُن کی انسائیکلوپیڈیا تھے اورجب ذکر چھڑ تاتواُس عہد میمنت کے عجیب وغریب واقعات مع پوری تفصیل وجزئیات کے مزے لے لے کرگھنٹوں سناتے تھے اخلاق وعادات ومروت، دینداری اورمذہب کے ساتھ وابستگی کے اعتبار سے سلف صالحین کانمونہ تھے۔ ۱۸۸۶ء سے انھوں نے روزنامچہ لکھنے کاجو اہتمام کیا تھا اُسے مرتے دم تک ترک نہیں کیا، اگر یہ چھپ گیاتوتحریک علی گڑھ سے متعلق بہت عجیب وغریب اورولولہ انگیز معلومات سامنے آئیں گی۔زندگی بالکل فقیرانہ اور درویشانہ تھی،حج بھی کرآئے تھے۔ساری عمر میں لے دے کر انھوں نے ایک بڑی کوٹھی ولایت منزل کے نام سے بنائی تھی اوروہ بھی یونیورسٹی کودے دی تھی، سالہائے دراز سے خوداُس میں بطورکرایہ دار رہتے تھے۔ نماز،روزہ کے بڑے پابند تھے، اسلامی شعائر وآداب کادل وجان سے احترام کرنے والے تھے۔ موجودہ علی گڑھ کا مقابلہ سرسید کے علی گڑھ سے کرتے تھے جس کی اساس ’’دین و دنیا بہم آمیز کہ اکسیراین ست‘‘ پرقائم تھی تویہ باتیں کرتے کرتے روپڑتے تھے۔ غرض کہ عہد سرسید کی ایک بڑی حسین اورگراں قدرنشانی تھے۔آہ!اب بھلاایسے لوگ کہاں ملیں گے؟سدارہے نام اﷲ کا۔اللھم اغفرلہ وارحمہ واسعۃ۔
[اپریل ۱۹۶۱ء]
Bernard Lewis is a representative scholar of eastern studies and western thoughts, and he is the most influential political figure in the U.S politics. So his thoughts play an important and vital role in academic and political fields of the West. Most of his writings explore his prejudiced attitude toward Islam and Muslims. He wrote many books about the teachings of Islam. Islam being a universal religion is an interesting topic for western intelligentsia like Lewis. There are many institutes of Islamic studies in their universities and many think tanks are working on various aspects of Islamic teaching for multiple purposes. In some educational institutions of the west revisionist orientalists such as Andrew Rippin are teaching Islamic thoughts from a critical and revisionist perspective which is quite contrary to the traditional Islamic teachings. Bernard Lewis is attached with The RAND cooperation (the most influential think tank of U.S.A) and most of his writings are evident of his prejudiced theories about political and social practices of Muslims.
Present research was conducted to synthesize xylanase enzyme by Aspergillus niger using local agricultural wastes/by products for its utilization in baking industry. Wheat bran, corn cobs and sugar cane bagasse were used as carbon source at different concentrations i.e. 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5% employing submerged fermentation. The factors like temperature, pH and incubation time affected the xylanase synthesis significantly at various levels of substrates. The outcomes of the fermentation process showed that culture conditions i.e. 30°C, pH 5.5, 72 hrs & 3% substrates concentration were optimum for xylanase production. Wheat bran showed maximum xylanase activity 78.03±2.73 IU/mL followed by corn cob, 60.03±1.83 IU/mL and sugar cane bagasse 44.03±1.98 IU/mL. Large scale production of xylanase was carried out using wheat bran as carbon source at preoptimized conditions. Purified enzyme showed the specific activity of 613.13 IU/mg protein as compared to crude enzyme 41.85 IU/mg protein. Characterization of xylanase indicated that pH 7.5 and 55°C were optimum for maximum activity. As the ultimate goal was to apply xylanase in food products i.e. bread, so it was subjected to efficacy studies using experimental poultry birds. It is deduced that values for body growth performance, serological and hematological parameters were within normal ranges showing the safety of enzyme. In order to assess the potential of xylanase in bread making; a comparative study was conducted in which enzyme was applied in various doses at two different stages i.e. tempering of wheat kernels before milling and mixing of dough. Xylanase addition modified the rheological attributes of dough, especially farinographic, mixographic and amylographic characteristics. Furthermore, xylanase decreased dryness and stiffness of the dough whereas, resulted in increased elasticity, extensibility and coherency. It is concluded from the rheological and allied characteristics that enzyme addition improved the dough handling properties. Bread volume was increased in response to xylanase addition during tempering up to 600 IU/kg and during mixing stage up to 800 IU/kg. Additionally, specific and relative volume increased whereas, density decreased in response to xylanase application. Moisture retention capacity of bread samples also improved as a result of enzyme treatments. Lastly, sensory evaluation was conducted to study the effect of xylanase treatments on the external and internal characteristics of the bread. Enzyme treatments resulted in marked improvement in these traits, though in most of the cases, T3 (600 IU/1kg) showed better performance. The statistical results indicated that addition of xylanase during tempering is more beneficial and cost effective in enhancing the hedonic response as compared to mixing. In the nutshell, wheat bran at 3% concentration can be used as a potential carbon source for the production of xylanase enzyme under pre-optimized conditions. Overall, improvement in dough handling characteristics and bread quality traits indicates that xylanase has potential to be used in the baking industry.