Modernism and Postmodernism

This study elaborates the difference and connection between modernism and postmodernism eras while highlighting their backgrounds. The research highlights the teachings of Islam in terms of modernism and postmodernism. The research brings to light the influence of modernism and postmodernism on Muslim societies. What are the far reaching impacts of the modernism and postmodernism eras of Muslim societies and how well a common Muslim is equipped to address the issues related to postmodernism. The study primarily focuses on the related issues in Pakistani society and explains the role and the influence of religious scholars of their understanding of the terms modernism and postmodernism. The study focuses on the awareness of the ’Ulamā in addressing these global challenges and subsequently the future of Pakistani society. The study has an element of quantitative research and it indicates towards the on ground realities on the issue with the help of a latest survey on modernism and postmodernism.

Analytical Characerization of Some Indiginous Oils for Their Commercial Exploitation

Oil and fats whether for human consumption or for industrial purposes are largely derived from plant sources. To meet the increasing demand for edible oils and oilcakes, improvements are being made with conventional crops, as well as with other new sources of plant species, that have the ability to produce unique desirable oils. Therefore, several plants are now grown not only for food and fodder but also for a striking variety of products, including oils with nutritional and pharmaceutical attributes. This necessitates the search of new sources of indigenous oils. In the present study new native resource of oil i.e. Bauhinia seeds and apple seeds have been explored. The study is divided into five parts. In first and second part the physiochemical characteristics, fatty acid composition, lipid bioactive, unsaponifiable content of extracted oil of three locally grown Bauhinia species (B. purpurea, B. variegata and B. linnaei) were evaluated. Analysis of fatty acid composition of oil samples revealed 13 fatty acids with chain length C14 to C24. The major fatty acids were Myristoleic acid (C14:1) and lignoceric acid (C24:0), linoleic, oleic and palmitic acid. Tocopherols (α-tocopherol, γ+β-tocopherol and δ-tocopherols) were identified and α-tocopherol is reported first time in this study. The unsaponifiable lipid fraction of Bauhinia species ranged 1.8-3.2%, β-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol were the major sterols which accounted for 84-92%. The proximate compositions of meal residue of all samples were also analyzed to determine the suitability of these seeds meal in animal feed formulations. The results revealed that Bauhinia species could be helpful in understanding the influence of cultivar / variety on the quality of oil. The study revealed that the seed oils of the Bauhinia species grown in Pakistan were found nutritionally important with higher amount of PUFA, tocopherols and sterols. In the third part of study the oxidative stability assessment was done by Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and oxidative stability index (OSI) method among three Bauhinia species (B. purpurea, B. variegata and B. linnaei), rice bran and cotton seed oil. B. purpurea oil showed highest oxidative stability. Excellent calibration was achieved between ivDSC T 0 and OSI measurements. The coefficients of correlation were highly significant (P < 0.01) for each evaluation. The coefficient of the determination (R 2 ) for analyzed oils was above 0.9956, showing good linear regression, which revealed that oxidative stability of the oils can be accurately determined by DSC in a short time as compared to OSI method. In fourth part of study Infraspecific variation in composition of Bauhinia purpurea Linn. (B. purpurea L.) seed oil was assessed for regional discrimination. Samples were collected from five cities of Pakistan (Hyderabad, Tandojam, Multan, Pakpattan and Abbotabad). Linoleic acid, α-tocopherol, and β-sitosterol contents were used to find variability and significant difference among five regions and was found to be p<0.0001. On the basis of fatty acid composition, five regions could not be discriminated using PCA, LDA on fatty acids discriminated the regions and cross-validation was found to be 99%. Using tocopherols only one PCA component was extracted and LDA on tocopherols discriminated within the regions and cross-validation was found to be 100% perfect. PCA and LDA plots for sterol composition showed five distinct groups for both statistical protocols and all cases were 100% correctly classified. The results of present study indicated that tocopherols and sterols are better chemotaxonomic marker as compared to fatty acids for regional discrimination of B. purpurea L. In fifth part of study the extracted oil from four apple seed varieties (Royal Gala, Red Delicious, Pyrus Malus and Golden Delicious) from Pakistan, total forty two samples were investigated for their physiochemical characteristics, fatty acids profile and lipid bioactive by GC-MS. The oil content in the seeds of apple varieties ranged from 26.8-28.7%. The results revealed that linoleic acid (40.5-49.6%) was the main fatty acid. The unsaponifiable lipid fraction of apple seed oils ranged from 1.8-2.1%, squalene, β-tocopherol, α-tocopherol, campesterol, avenasterol, β-sitosterol, 9,19-Cyclolanost-24-en-3-ol and Stigmast-4-en-3-one were identified, which accounted for 98- 100%. The variation among the results of both fatty acids and lipid bioactive for four varieties was assessed by principal component analysis, discriminant analysis and cluster analyses. The results conclude that both oil fractions could be applied as a useful tool to discriminate the apple seed varieties.