صلح حدیبیہ: آنحضرت کی ﷺ سیاسی، معاشرتی اور دفاعی حکمت عملی

Hazrat Muhammad (SAW) is the last Apostle to human beings. He was gifted with a divine Deen having complete code of life. Every field of life has been discussed in the Holy Quran and Sunnah of the Prophet r. As an Apostle, head of the state and army commander, He guided the mankind and provided an excellent example in all the perspectives of life. As a commander of the Islamic forces, the Holy Prophet r fought twenty seven Ghazwat after migration to Madina. In Zeqaida 6 AH, during the pact of Hudaibia a complete turn was taken by Muslims. After this event, the Muslim army role changed to offensive rather than defensive. Immediately, after the pact, the Holy Prophet r attacked on Khyber in Muharram 7th AH, while the whole Hijaz region was captured during the Ghazwa Fath-i-Makkah. In this article, the strategy and tactics employed by the Holy Prophet r during Hudaibia truce have been discussed. These tactics are useful and beneficial in modern era warfare also. As an ideal for all the Ummah, lessons should be extracted by the commanders to defend their motherland and ideological boundries.

Food Consumption in Pakistan: A Comparison of Quality Effect Across Regions and Provinces

The study estimated quantity, expenditure and quality elasticities for major food products in Pakistan and provided comparison of quality effect across regions, provinces and income quintiles using data from the HIES part of PSLM 2007-08 (first period) and 2010-11 (second period). The elasticities of interest were obtained via log-log inverse functional form of Engel equation. Coefficients of parameters (?? , ?? , ?? and ?? ) in most of the selected food items were found statistically significant reflecting that the log-log-inverse (LLI) formulation of the model fit the data well and validate nonlinear behavior of Engel relationship for food consumption in Pakistan. The quantity elasticities during both periods remained less than unity except milk packed in Sindh province with reasonable variations in magnitude across regions, provinces and income quintiles. Compared to the first period, with a few exceptions, quantity elasticities have increased during the second period and were larger at the upper income quintiles relative to the lower ones. In most of the products, quantity elasticities were higher for rural households than urban ones during both the periods. Likewise, expenditure elasticities have increased considerably in Pakistan during the second period compared to the first one for most of the food commodities. A pattern similar to quantity elasticities was also observed in expenditure elasticities across regions, provinces and income quintiles. For most of the products, the estimates of quality elasticities were positive in both the periods implying that households in Pakistan purchase higher quality food as their income rises. During both the periods, the quality elasticities for most of the food items decreased for rural households compared to urban ones. A considerable variability was observed in quality elasticities among provinces and income quintiles in terms of magnitude for various food items. Thus, with the exception of a few products, Pakistani households, in general, not only demand more quantity but also higher quality of food as their income rises. Hence, from the policy point of view, evidence of positive demand for quality food would facilitate devising food policy for the development of food markets in terms of market segmentation and quality improvements in Pakistan. Resultantly, this would be an important driver of food demand and future food projections, with possibility of creating different marketing opportunities, and increased welfare for Pakistani populace. Key Words: Food Consumption, quantity elasticity, expenditure elasticity, quality elasticity, urban/rural households, income quintiles, provinces, Pakistan