تقارب عقائد کے لئے علمائے اہل سنت کی کاوشیں (ایک تحقیقی و تجزیاتی مطالعہ) The Efforts of Ahl al-Sunnah Scholars for Convergence of Beliefs (An Exploratory and Analytical Study)

There are many beliefs in the sects that are common, while the differences are very small and minor. The differences are usually of a sectarian, ijtihad and preferential nature. But the false powers are using these sectarian differences to spread extremist thinking, which is a poison for the Muslim Ummah. Closeness is essential for the survival of the Muslim faith. This unity should not be temporary but should be a message of intellectual and spiritual, material well-being, spiritual maturity and evolution of mental development and unity should be universal. No matter how much the two groups disagree, there are many commonalities. It is important for convergent beliefs to cultivate commonalities rather than divisive ones. So that the atmosphere of hatred is reduced and an atmosphere of unity is created. The history of Islam bears witness to the fact that the Imams, jurists, narrators and commentators have differed on a number of issues. Despite this difference, love, goodwill, brotherhood and unity prevailed. For such interfaith tolerance and harmony, mutual respect is also necessary. Key words: Convergence of beliefs,  Unity and solidarity,   Interdisciplinary, Shared, Sub-differences, Universal

Mitigating the Effect of Salinity and Drought Stress in Wheat Triticum Aestivum L. Through Combined Application of Rhizobacteria Containing Acc- Deaminase and Organic Amendment

Global rise in temperature is leading to soil salinity and drought which are big threats to agriculture. The salinity and drought stresses stimulate the synthesis of ethylene level known as stress ethylene. The 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) is an immediate precursor of ethylene biosynthesis in higher plants through methionine pathway. The application of ACC-deaminase containing rhizobacteria could be effective to ameliorate the adverse effects of salinity and drought stresses. The ACC-deaminase cleaves the ACC into ammonia and α-ketobutyrate that could suppress the accelerated endogenous ethylene biosynthesis. In addition to rhizobacteria, the biogas slurry (BGS) can add the organic matter to soil which can act as a rich substrate for soil residing microbial community. Further, the BGS could improve soil structure through aggregation of soil particles that can result in more water holding capacity of soil under drought condition. Therefore, we hypothesized that the integrated application rhizobacteria and organic amendment can be an effective approach to mitigating the salinity and drought stress for better crop productivity. For this purpose, series of experiments were conducted to evaluate rhizobacteria and BGS role under artificial and natural salinity and drought conditions. Initially the isolation, screening, identification and characterization of most efficient salinity tolerant ACC-deaminase containing rhizobacteria were conducted under axenic condition. Salinity stress severely reduced the various growth parameters of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). However, the inoculation of ACC-deaminase containing rhizobacteria had a considerable positive impact on stress tolerance index (STI), shoot and root growth and shoot and root fresh and dry weight of wheat seedlings as compared to uninoculated control. In comparison to uninoculated, the strain S15 increased the STI i.e., up to 90.8% while S4 enhanced i.e., up to 82.8% and S46 strain increased i.e., up to 66.4% at 12 dS m-1 EC level, respectively. Our results showed that, the ACC-deaminase containing rhizobacterial strains might be used as an effective tool for enhancing plant growth under salinity stress. A pot experiment was conducted in which the wheat seeds were inoculated with the rhizobacterial strains i.e. Alcaligenes faecalis S4 (Accession # NR_113606.1) Bacillus cereus S15 (Accession # NR_115714.1) and Lysinibacillus fusiformis S46 (Accession # NR_042072.1). The BGS was applied at the rate of 600 kg/ha as an organic amendment. At 9 dS m-1 EC level, the plant growth was adversely reduced as compared to normal EC. The ACC- deaminase containing rhizobacteria with BGS improved the shoot and root length i.e., up to 39.6 and 33.6% of wheat plants, respectively, as compared to respective uninoculated controls. The leaf sap analysis revealed that potassium ion (K+) concentration was significantly improved in rhizobacteria + BGS treatments at all salinity levels as compared to uninoculated control. This study revealed that the BGS application with the Lysinibacillus fusiformis and Bacillus cereus strains were more effective in combination for improving growth and yield of wheat under saline condition. After pot experiment, the field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of ACC-deaminase containing rhizobacterial strains and BGS individually and in combination on physiological, growth and yield attributes of wheat at salt-affected fields. The results showed that the inoculation with ACC-deaminase containing rhizobacterial strains improved the growth and yield attributes of wheat crop more effectively as compared to uninoculated control. The application of BGS + Bacillus cereus increased the stomatal conductance (up to 47%) and sub stomatal conductance (up to 43%) as compared to corresponding uninoculated controls. Similarly the drought experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential of ACC-deaminase containing rhizobacteria and BGS to mitigate the adverse effects of drought stress on wheat crop. In drought screening experiment, the efficient strains showing improved wheat seedling growth under drought stress condition were screened out, identified and characterized. The ACC-deaminase containing rhizobacteria had a positive influence on various physiological parameters of wheat and drought tolerance index (DTI) as compared to uninoculated control. The Alcaligenes faecalis, Pseudomonas moraviensis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains enhanced the DTI of wheat seedlings i.e., up to 62.5, 58.8 and 55.3% at 15% poly-ethylene glycol (PEG), respectively, as compared to uninoculated control. In pot experiment, wheat seeds were inoculated with strains of Alcaligenes faecalis S4 (Accession # NR_113606.1) and Pseudomonas moraviensis S17 (Accession # FN597644.1) and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens S27 (Accession # NR_043314.1) alone and combination with BGS and subjected to drought stress at different water holding capacity (WHC) levels. The data revealed that the drought stress adversely effected the growth, biochemical and yield attributes of wheat. However, the application of ACC-deaminase containing rhizobacteria with BGS amendment enhanced the wheat growth under drought stressed condition. At 50% WHC level, the inoculation of Pseudomonas moraviensis strain amended with BGS resulted in significant increase the grain and biological yield i.e., up to 46.7 and 40.5%, respectively, over the respective uninoculated controls. The inoculation amended with BGS also improved the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents in grains and straw. It was concluded that the application of ACC-deaminase containing rhizobacteria amended with BGS could efficiently enhance the productivity of the wheat crop under water deficit conditions. Next to pot experiment a field study was conducted under skipped irrigation situations. The irrigation was skipped at tillering (SIT) and flowering (SIF) stages while control was maintained with the recommended four irrigations. The result of this field study showed that the rhizobacterial strains inoculation + BGS significantly improved the photosynthetic rate (up to 73.9%), stomatal conductance (up to 98%), sub-stomatal CO2 concentration (up to 46%) and transpiration rate (up to 38%) at skipped irrigation conditions, respectively, over respective uninoculated control. The Pseudomonas moraviensis + BGS treatment, significantly increased the plant height and grain yield up to 24.3 and 30.3%, respectively, over uninoculated controls where irrigation was skipped at tillering stage. The results depicted that Pseudomonas moraviensis + BGS treatment could be effectively used to improve the growth, physiology and yield of wheat crop under drought stress condition. The rhizobacteria strains also contained exopolysaccharides, catalase activity, phosphate solubilization and indole acetic acid production activity. These additional attributes also helped in improving the wheat growth under stressed conditions. Overall series of experiments showed that the ACC-deaminase containing rhizobacteria and BGS have the ability to provide resistance to wheat crop under abiotic stresses by decreasing the biosynthesis of ethylene.