چلے چلو کہ منزل ابھی نہیں آئی
نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم
بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم
معزز اسا تذہ کرام اور میرے ہم مکتب شاہینو! آج مجھے جس موضوع پر لب کشائی کا موقع مل رہا ہے وہ ہے:’’چلے چلو کہ منزل ابھی نہیں آئی ‘‘
صدرِذی وقار!
منزل کے حصول کے لیے جدوجہد ہر ذی روح کی خواہش رہی ہے، ہر کس و ناکس اس کے لئے کدوکاوش کرتا ہے، اس کی زندگی کا ہر لمحہ حصولِ منزل کے لئے وقف ہوتا ہے، ہمہ قسم لوگ شبانہ روز اس مقصد کے حصول کی خاطر کوشاں رہتے ہیں ، حصول منزل میں ہر آنے والی رکاوٹوں کو ختم کرنے کے درپے ہوتے ہیں، اور پھر یونہی ان کے لمحاتِ زیست گزرتے رہتے ہیں۔
جنابِ صدر!
حشرات الارض سے لے کر انسان تک ہر ایک اپنی منزل کی طرف گامزن ہے، ہر ایک کی اپنی ایک منزل ہے، مورومگس کی منزل اور ہے، گل لالہ کی منزل اور ہے، جوئے نغمہ خواں کی منزل اور ہے، حر یرو پر نیاں کی منزل اور ہے، زمین پر رینگنے والی مخلوق کی منزل اور ہے، گل لالہ کے گردبھنبھنانے والی شہد کی مکھی کی منزل اور ہے، غلاظت پر چکر لگانے والی مکھی کی منزل اور ہے۔
صدرِ محترم!
گلستان میں عندلیب خوش الحان کی منزل اور ہے، برگد کے درخت پر موجود بوم کی منزل اور ہے، آبادی میں شجر سایہ دار کی منزل اور ہے، ویرانے میں خشک تنے والے درخت کی منزل اور ہے، فضاء میں محو پرواز عقاب وشاہین کی منزل اور ہے ،مُردار کے گرد چکر لگانے والی گدھ کی منزل اور ہے۔
پرواز ہے دونوں کی اسی ایک فضا میں
کرگس کا جہاں اور ہے شاہیں کا جہاں اور
جنابِ صدر!
This research aimed to assess the general and technical competency of Technical Vocational Education (TVE) teachers in the schools Division of Aklan. It also determined the competency needs and gaps in teaching TVE in the implementation of the program. The study was participated by 118 TVE teachers. Mixed-methods research design using sequential strategy was employed in this study. The Philippine Professional Standards for Teachers was used as guide for assessing the general level of competency while self-assessment guide of TESDA was used to assess the level of technical competency. The quantitative data were used as bases in the conduct of focus group discussions to triangulate the responses in the survey. The general competency level of TVE teachers was described as “highly proficient” while the technical competency level was reported on the “advanced” level. The gaps identified were: (1) teacher-subject mismatch, (2) inadequate skills in applying math and science principles in technical training, (3) struggle in promoting understanding of global labor markets, (4) inability to lead workplace communication (5) lack of content knowledge and pedagogy, (6) lack of competence in assessment and reporting, (7) insufficient trainings related to area of specialization, and (8) expired and unaligned national certificates (nc).The competency needs identified were:(1) activities that would enhance competency, (2) motivation and opportunities to acquire/enhance, and apply competency, and (3) renewed professionalism and rejuvenated teaching advocacy and calling.
Wheat is a major staple food of Pakistan, which not only provides the food for human but also has an important role in livestock feeds. It provides the raw material to various agro- based industries. Average wheat yield of the country is 2.7 metric t ha -1 (Govt. of Pakistan, 2010-11). Conventional methods of planting, late planting, poor management practices and imbalanced nutrient management are the major constraints of low yield in wheat production at farmer’s field. Zero tillage technology is considered more convenient and efficient planting system as it saves irrigation water, cost of inputs and increased the net income. Pakistani soils pH is high and productive without any major problem for crop husbandry. It is medium in K 2 O and deficient in N, P 2 O 5 and organic matter. Research was conducted at University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, to evaluate the different tillage systems along with nitrogen levels and mulch materials regarding yield, growth, soil physical properties and grain quality. The aim of experiment was to determine the most favorable tillage system along with the best nitrogen level and mulch material. Two studies were carried out during 2009-10 and 2010-11. First study comprised of four tillage systems; conventional tillage, deep tillage, zero tillage sowing with zone disc tiller and zero tillage sowing with happy seeder along with four nitrogen levels i-e 75 kg ha -1 , 100 kg ha -1 , 125 kg ha -1 and 150 kg ha -1 along with control. The study-2 comprised of same tillage systems along with four mulch materials i-e rice straw, wheat straw, plastic sheet @ 4 t ha -1 , natural mulch along with no mulch. Split plot design with three replications having net plot size 8.0 m x 5.4 m. Wheat variety Sehar-2006 was sown 22.5 cm apart with seed rate of 125 kg ha -1 having 24 rows per plot. Data pertaining to growth, yield, soil physical properties and grain quality were noted by using standard procedures. Data collected from both experiments were statistically analyzed by MSTATC and the differences among the treatment means were compared for significance by using the Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test at 5% level of probability. The computer package MS-Excel was used to prepare the graphs. In 2010-11, the climatic conditions were favorable for crop growth, production and overall 24 % greater grain yield produced than 2009-10 in first experiment. Higher grain yield was produced in deep tillage and happy seeder as compared to other tillage systems while N 125 kg ha -1 generated higher grain yield than all nitrogen levels during both the years. In both the year’s deep tillage and N 125 kg ha -1 gave maximum LAI and TDM than other tillage systems and nitrogen levels. Higher root length was recorded at deep tillage and N 125 kg ha -1 in comparison to all tillage systems and nitrogen levels both the years of study. During both the years’ soil bulk density was 10-20 % lower in deep tillage than all tillage systems at flowering and harvesting stage at 0-5 and 5-10 cm soil depth. Nutrient use efficiency was 44 % higher in deep tillage compared to all tillage systems. During both the years higher water use efficiency 7 to 10 % was noted at deep tillage and happy seeder compared to all tillage systems while N 125 kg ha -1 led to 53 % higher WUE. Higher grain protein content was observed at deep tillage and 5-40 % at N 150 kg ha -1 than other tillage systems and nitrogen levels during both the years. All the tillage systems in both years gave maximum net rate of return and benefit cost ratio were noted at N 125 kg ha -1 . In 2009-10 maximum marginal rate of return 498 % and 577 % were noted in conventional tillage and deep tillage at N 75 kg ha -1 while 545 % and 508 % in zone disc tiller and happy seeder at N 100 kg ha -1 . Maximum marginal rate of return in all tillage systems were noted at N 100 kg ha -1 during second year. xxIn second study 14 % greater grain yield was attained in 2010-11 than 2009-10. In both the years of study deep and happy seeder gave higher grain yield than other tillage systems while plastic mulch @ 4 t ha -1 produced higher grain yield than other mulch materials. During both the years higher LAI and TDM were observed at happy seeder and M Plastic @ 4 t ha -1 . Soil bulk density at deep tillage was 10-15 % lower than other tillage systems while plastic mulch materials @ 4 t ha -1 at 0-5 cm gave 4-10 % lower bulk density during both the years of study. During both the growing seasons higher water use efficiency 2 to 7 % was noted at deep tillage compared to all tillage systems while plastic mulch @ 4 t ha -1 gave 2 to 24 % higher WUE. In 2009-10 and 2010-11, higher grain protein content was noted at deep tillage and M Plastic @ 4 t ha -1 compared to all tillage systems and mulch materials. Conventional tillage and deep tillage during first year gave maximum net rate of return and benefit cost ratio at M Rice @ 4 t ha -1 while zone disc tiller and happy seeder gave at M Natural (Heavy Planking). In second year all tillage systems gave maximum net rate of return and benefit cost ratio at M Rice @ 4 t ha -1 . All tillage systems gave higher marginal rate of return at M Natural in first year. During 2010-11, higher marginal rate of return was recorded in conventional tillage, deep tillage and zone disc tiller at M Natural while happy seeder gave higher marginal rate of return at M Rice @ 4 t ha -1 . In light of above results, it is recommended that in rice-wheat cropping system, happy seeder and deep tillage with N 125 kg ha -1 application gave higher grain yield. While in case of mulch materials, happy seeder and deep tillage produced maximum yield when natural mulch was applied. On the bases of marginal rate of returns, it is recommended that the resource poor farmers should grow wheat with happy seeder and deep tillage alongwith N 100 kg ha -1 , while the progressive farmers may fertilize wheat with N 125 kg ha -1 to obtain higher net field benefits. In case of mulch, it is recommended that the resource poor wheat growers should grow wheat with happy seeder and deep tillage at M Natural , while the progressive farmers may grow wheat with M Rice @ 4 t ha -1 to get higher net field benefits. The fertility status of Pakistani soil is low due to warm climate and extensive cropping systems. Currently, farmers do unwise wheat tillage operation. So, it is strongly recommended that farmers should adopt zero tillage technology alongwith above recommendation of nitrogen fertilizer and mulch. It would helps to reduce cost of production and and increase yield. Subsequently, it increases farmer’s profit, improves his livelihood and eventually helps to reduce poverty.