غیر مسلم اقلیتوں کے حقوق کا اسلامی فلسفہ: قرآنی تناظر میں تجزیاتی مطالعہ

Islamic Philosophy of the Rights of Non-Muslims Minorties: An Analysis in Qur’ᾱnic Perspective Islam is complete code of life for entire humankind. According to the Holy Quran all human beings have been created from a single person (Adam). By birth all are equal and have all fundamental rights irrespective of their religion. If a group is numerically inferior to the rest of the population of state in a non-dominant position, will not be considered minority according to Quran. Quran classify people into two different categories: believers and non-believers on the base of their belief instead of numerical value. Minorities enjoy all fundamental rights and freedoms in Islamic territory. This article demonstrates in the light of Quran that Islam does not discriminate between Muslims and non-Muslims in the matter of rights and will clarify the objection of western propaganda that Islam is rigid for non-believers. There are different types of Non-Muslims living in Islamic state as minority. According to Quran, concept of minority is unique, minority does not mean inferior in number. This paper will reveal the types of minorities and their specific rights along with their basic rights too. It has been concluded that Islam is only religion which offers basic human rights at the level of equality irrespective their religion.

The Development of a Screening Tool for Differential Diagnosis of Autism and Mental Retardation

Differential diagnosis of autism and intellectual disability (formerly known as mental retardation) is getting more problematic because of the awareness of both autism and MR in recent clinical work. The overlap of symptoms/features of both disorders is one of the major causes of this problem. Using the phenomenological approach, the range of 92 symptoms/features were elicited from parents of 20 children (10 each of autism and ID). They were validated by ten experts (psychiatrists and clinical psychologists) to the degree to which each symptom is diagnostically related to Autism or ID. Sixty-six symptoms were identified as clearly belonging to one category or the other. Using as a base ratings, the scale was administered to 260 children (110 children with ASD and 150 children with ID) through an interview with the mother or the teacher of the child. The factor analysis of 66 symptoms resulted in two distinct factors. In addition, each of those 66 symptoms was tested on Mann Whitney U Test for its significance in differentiating the two disorders. Those symptoms were retained which had high factor loading (0.30 or greater) as well as were found statistically significant in differentiating the two conditions (p< 0.01). This produced two scales i.e. ASD Scale and ID Scale. The sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and concurrent validity were found to be respectable. The results were discussed in terms of cultural implications, improvement in differential diagnosis, and a functional profile of the children that will be useful in developing training programs.