قیام امن اور مذہبی ہم آہنگی

The Internal dissensions within the ranks of the Muslim Ummah are very harmful and condemnable. Today, the Muslims of the world have fallen into the deep recesses of decline due to their mutual differences. The intrigues and conspiracies of the hostile nations have created schism and dissensions among the Muslims on the grounds of language, land, race and color. In our country (Pakistan), if we ponder on the growing rate of violence, we will find that the main causes of this chaos are our attitude towards our mutual differences. Because of intolerant approach towards our mutual differnces, our difficulties and problems are sizing up, and they have engulfed the whole nation, now. The only point on which our nation can be united is the “Kalimah”. The followers of this “Kalimah” whether they are white or black, rich or poor, or whatever race they belong to, and whatever territory or country they come from, they are all considered as the member of the Muslim Ummah. Keeping the prevailing situation of the Muslim Ummah, the author of this paper feelss that an appropriate answer to the question, ‘are all sorts of differences condemnable?’, is key to end most of our differences. In fact, all sorts of differences are not condemnable or forbidden; if differences of opinions are based on some logical grounds within the jurisdiction of the Qur’ān and Aḥādīth, they are permissible and justified as inevitable and natural. Such kind of approach can promote tolerance and unity among the Muslim Ummah and can put us at peace.

Improving Teaching of Paragraph Writing Through Participatory Action Research

The purpose of this Participatory Action Research (PAR) study was to improve the teaching of paragraph writing in an English language class by involving the students in a systematic process of writing paragraphs, using the process writing approach by white & Arndt, 1991. The PAR study was conducted in a lower secondary class at a community based Engtish medium school, where English is taught as a second language (ESL).The methods of PAR happened in the four moments of Action Research (AR), namely; reflection, planning, action and observation adopted from the Spiral model of AR by Kemmis, Mc Taggart and Rettalick (2004). This AR model provided an experience and autonomy of constantly evaluating the teaching strategies and their implementation in the class. The data of the study was collected through classroom teaching sessions, observations, field notes and document analysis to obtain empirical evidences of the existing practices and insights. Moreover, focused group semi-structwed interviews with the students helped in the data generation. Also, a reflective journal was maintained throughout the study to acquire a rich vignette of the research study. The findings processed through data analysis by arranging the data systematically and breaking it into units through coding, in order to make meaning out of the data. The findings revealed that the teaching of paragraph writing was re-conceptualized and applied from the product writing approach to the process writing approach. Moreover, it emerged from the findings that feedback and evaluation acted as a cornerstone in teaching paragraph writing to the students. This study will be an addition to repertoire of knowledge generated by previous researchers and will be beneficial for all contexts, students, teachers and stakeholders who are associated to English writing especially as a Second language (ESL) or a Foreign language (EFL) across the globe