نولکھی کوٹھی
’’نولکھی کوٹھی‘‘علی اکبر ناطق کا ناول ہے۔یہ ناول تاریخ پہ لکھی گئی ایک کہانی ہے کیونکہ تاریخی کہانی ہے اس لیے اس ناول کے سارے کردار روایتی ہیں اور تقسیم ہند پر لکھے جانے والے بے شمار ناولوں میں یہ ممکن نہیں ہے کہ ان کے تاریخی واقعات کو بدلہ جا سکے۔ ناول میں مرکزی حیثیت ولیم کو حاصل ہے جو ایک انگریز ہے۔یہی اس ناول کی خاصیت ہے کہ ولیم جو کہ ایک انگریز ہے اور اپنی اس کوٹھی جس پہ اس ناول کا عنوان ہے’’نولکھی کوٹھی‘‘کا مقیم ہے۔ ہندوستانی کہلوانے اور اس سرزمین سے خود کو جوڑ کر رکھنے کی ان تھک کوشش کرتا رہتا ہے۔جس کیلئے وہ وہاں کے رہائشیوں کے لیے بھی بے شمار ایسی خدمات سر انجام دیتا رہتا ہے جن سے ان کی زندگی میں آسانیاں رہیں لیکن اس کی وطن سے محبت کو اس کی زمین کے لیے خدمت کو ہمیشہ شک کی نظر سے دیکھا جاتا ہے۔’’ولیم‘‘یہاں سرکاری افسر بھی تھا۔ اس کی شریک حیات جس کو بہت چاہتا ہے اور امید رکھتا ہے کہ وہ ہمیشہ اس کا ساتھ دے گی۔وہ بھی اس مشکل گھڑی میں اس کا ساتھ چھوڑ جاتی ہے اور ولیم اکیلا ہندوستان میں رہ جاتا ہے، بالآخر زندگی کی جنگ ہار جاتا ہے اوراپنی پہچان نہیں بنا پاتا۔علی اکبرناطق نو لکھی کوٹھی میں یوں رقمطراز ہیں :
’’آج میں پھر ان ٹھنڈی ہواؤں کا لطف لیتے ہوئے غیر ارادی طور پر اس طرف بڑھ رہا تھا جیسے ہی اس کوٹھی پر پہنچا وہاں اور ہی رنگ تھے۔مغلیوں کے بچے صحن میں اچھل کود کر رہے تھے۔ذرا غور کیا تو پتا چلا کہ وہاں کوئی اور ہی خاندان آباد ہے۔میں نے جائزہ لینے کے لیے بھر پور نظر ماری لیکن مجھے ولیم نظر...
The development of works in the field of Quranic interpretation has grown rapidly in this age. The work in this field has been written in various major languages of the world such as Arabic, English and Malay. The resulting works contain a lot of information quoted from the works written by previous authors. For example, the work of Tafsir Nur al-Ihsan written by Muhammad Said Omar contains a lot of information quoted from Tafsir al-Jalalyn, Tafsir al-Baydawi and Tafsir al-Jamal. Nevertheless, this study found that the information was widely quoted by the author until there was an inaccurate information being referred to by him. Therefore, a method or system should be practiced so that the information contained in the work of Tafsir Nur al-Ihsan can be managed well as well as avoid the mistakes of readers. One way to manage these resources is to identify the original work referred to by the author. The analysis of Tafsir Nur al-Ihsan used the genetic approach which was published by Goldman in studying the origin of the resources. This study referred the text from Tafsir Nur al-Ihsan and the texts of works that became author's references, which are Tafsir al-Jalalyn, Tafsir al-Jamal, Tafsir al-Baydawi, Tafsir al-Khazin, Tafsir al-Baghawi, Tafsir al-Tabari, Tafsir al-Qurtubi, Tafsir al-Razi, Tafsir al-Nasafi, Tafsir Ibn Kathir and Tafsir al-Tha’labi, and made a comparison of the texts to detect the similarities and differences. The result of the analysis proved that Syeikh Muhammad Sa’id implemented five methods; which are quoting the text in parallel, writing an abstract, removal of some of the words, adding explan-ation, and refuting part of the text. This study also revealed the purpose of Syeikh Muhammad Sa’id while creating his work is to strengthen the translations written. Thus, he successfully strengthens translation when the contents of the text are parallel to the reference. However, in certain places existed a text from the author's references contradicts with the content of Tafsir Nur al-Ihsan, which failed his attempt to strengthen the translation in certain part of the text. Key words: , , .
The use of mathematical programming for short term (10-day) operation of Indus River System under uncertainty was investigated. A two stage mix optimization procedure was proposed for the stochastic optimization of the Indus River System. The first stage of the proposed procedure cycles through three main programs, a transition probability matrix (tmp) computation algorithm, a DDP-SDP (Deterministic-Stochastic Dynamic Programming) model and a simulation program. In DDP-SDP program, four model types and three objective types were investigated for multiresevoir system. These non-linear objectives were calibrated for the large scale complex system to minimize the irrigation shortfalls, to maximize the hydropower generation and to optimize the flood storage benefits. Simulation program was used for the validation of each policy derived through this cycle. The accumulation of these programs is called 10 day reservoir operation model of the multireservoir Indus River System. Various model types in SDP/DDP formulation may produce different results in different reservoir conditions and different hydrologic regimes. The model types are therefore system specific. For the Indus Reservoir System best fit SDP model type was identified, alternate multi objective functions were proposed and analysed. Taking one or two objectives and ignoring other or considering all the objectives to optimize, produced different results in different model types. Especially the results were significantly different in terms of storage contents of the reservoir during simulation. The proposed procedure identifies the best stochastic operational policies for the system under uncertainty. The second stage of proposed procedure uses advantages of the stochastic optimal policies derived in the first stage of the optimization with a Network Flow programming (NFP) model developed for the Indus River System for 10 day operation. The whole system was represented by a capacitated network in which nodes are reservoirs, system inflow locations or canal diversion locations. The nodes are connected with the arcs which represent rivers, canal reaches or syphons in the system. The maximum and minimum flow conditions were defined from the physical data. The NFP model was solved with the help of two main programs, the out of kilter algorithm and on line reservoir operation model with stochastic operating policies. The accumulation of these programs is called 10 day stochastic network flow programming (SNFP) model of the multireservoir Indus River System. The proposed SNFP model provides two main benefits. First, the incorporation of the stochastic operating policies at reservoir nodes controls the uncertainty and improves the system operation performance. The stochastic behaviour of the inputs and non-linear objectives in the linear programming model is incorporated in this way. Second, the complete system is under control and presents acomplete physical picture of the system. The results obtained from the above two stage procedure were verified with help of simulating the system with forecasted inflows and comparing these results with actual historic data record. For this purpose, 10 day forecasting models were investigated, calibrated and verified. The results also proved the methodology effective for the test case. The reservoir operation model is characterized as generalised and flexible model, and can be used for any other reservoir. The SNFP model is system (the Indus River System) specific to and needs minor modifications to be used for other water resource systems.ii The proposed optimization procedure presents the optimum operation of reservoirs for irrigation water supplies, hydropower production and flood protection, optimal allocation of water resources in the canal network of Indus River System and identifies the resource limitations at various locations in the system. While comparing with the historic data records, the model performance was found to be better than the historic data at all locations in the system during simulation. The complete model may be used as a guiding tool for the optimum 10 day operation of the Indus River System. A two stage frame work consisting of a steady state SDP 10 day reservoir operation model followed by a Network Flow model appears to be promising for the optimization of Indus River System. The model has also been used for future planning of water resources in Pakistan. The methodology developed provides a viable way of applying stochastic optimization into deterministic optimization procedure under multireservoir, multiobjective water resource system with 10 day operation under uncertainty.