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Home > الإنسان في شعر إقبال و ملتن و جبران = Man in the Poetry of Muhammad Iqbal, Milton & Jibran

الإنسان في شعر إقبال و ملتن و جبران = Man in the Poetry of Muhammad Iqbal, Milton & Jibran

Thesis Info

Author

Sumaira Akram

Supervisor

Habib ur Rehman Asim

Program

PhD

Institute

International Islamic University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2023

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Faculty of Arabic Female

Language

Arabic

Added

2023-02-10 14:12:08

Modified

2023-02-11 05:00:40

ARI ID

1676729916718

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مذہبی زوال کی عکاسی۔

مذہبی زوال کی عکاسی(خصوصاً شیعہ مسلک سے زیادتی)

                شروع ہی سے یہ مسائل دیکھنے کو ملے یعنی برصغیر ہی سے یہ مذہبی زوال کی عکاسی رہی ہے۔شیعہ اور سنی دونوں ہی خط مستقیم پر نہ رہے۔اتنا وقت گزرنے کے بعد بھی آج تک یہ دونوں خط مستقیم پر نہیں ہیں۔اکثریت نے ہمیشہ اقلیت کو دبایا اور اس کے اثرات کس شکل میں ظاہر ہوئے یہ کوئی راز نہیں رہا۔ناطق نے کہانی میں حاجی فطرس علی کا ذکر کیا ہے۔یہ وہ مضبوط کردار دکھایا گیا ہے جو شیعہ مسلک سے آگاہی دیتا ہے۔

                ضامن نے علمی و ادبی گروہ کے ساتھ راہ و راست یکجا کیے تو کامریڈ نے کچھ کتابیں ضامن کو دی کہ ان کو پڑھو تو تمہیں پتہ چلے گا کہ مذہب کتنا بڑا جھوٹ ہے اور ہم سب کیا ہیں۔ ضامن نے ان کتابوں کو پڑھا اور پھر جب ان ہی پر بحث کرنا چاہی تو ضامن کو پتہ چلا کہ خود انہوں نے بھی روایتی باتوں کے علاوہ کچھ نہیں سیکھا۔ ناطق نے ناول میں لکھا ہے کہ جب ضامن کو اس کے کامریڈ ساتھی نے کہا کہ آج تمہاری ضرورت پڑ گئی ہے۔ پہلے اس نے غور سے ضامن کو دیکھا اور پھر کہا کہ کامریڈ الیاس جو کہ میرے استاد ہیں ان کی دو بچیاں ہیں۔

                الیاس صاحب کی بیماری کی کسی کو سمجھ نہیں آتی۔تمہیں پتہ ہے کہ ہمارا کسی بھی مذہب سے کوئی لینا دینا نہیں ہے۔ وہ ضامن کو کسی چال میں لینا چاہتا تھا۔وہ خود بھی شیعہ تھا اور جہاں مفاد کی بات آتی تب وہ اپنا تعلق ہر مذہب سے ختم کر کے صرف پیٹ کی بات کو سنتا۔ کیونکہ الیاس صاحب سنی ہیں۔ضامن نے معاملے کی تہہ کو بھانپ لیایعنی...

قدیم سودی مالیاتی نظام کا تحقیقی جائزہ

Ontemporary modern interest-bearing financial system, “economicsystem”, has become an integral part and the prevalent system reflects that in the modern progressive era of growth where other arts have seen progress than in the old days the modern interest bearing system has become a part of the financial development. Interest in the present era has being understood as a direction for financial growth and development of economy hence in some way or the other been tried to be enforced in to the Islamic world such that it becomes a need and no country can live without. And the objectives of this interest bearing system can meet their targets. In Muslim countries minds that do not have deep commitment with Islamic teaching have been convinced in a way that in the ancient days this level of interest was not needed as in the present era. So, on the interest of present day “riba” can’t be applied whose prohibition is proved by Islamic law. The impression that interest is the need of modern times in ancient times to modern times thislevel of interest is not required, nor was there any specifically organized circle like today concept the financial system may be of interest not only if favor of contemporary practice in the present, but also an extremely ancient system was out there and have some evidence of old banking practices. This article, with the vividness of ancient religions, has proved that “interest” in antiquity is as same as of today. The form of interest and its impacts aren’t get changed by the change in ancient or current business practices. Interest is interest, whether it is found in ancient religions or at theadvent of Islam or even after that in the modern day. It embodies the same “riba” whose prohibition is proved in the Islamic sharia.

Prevalence of Staphylococcus Aureus in Surgical Tubes and Their Gene Study in Relation of Osteomyelitis Development in Human

Summary Biomedical devices are indispensable for modern health care and therapeutic industry which revolutionized the treatment strategies and outcomes. Biomedical indwelling devices are prone to the contamination and colonization of endogenous or exogenous microbes. The consequences of this colonization are severe including failure of indwelling devices, treatment failure, burden to the healthcare facility, prolonged and extensive treatment and sometime death of the patient. Staphylococcus aureus is ubiquitous pathogen that harbors battery of enzymes, toxins, adhesion proteins and variety of pathogenic strategy. It is responsible for minor skin infection to life threatening infection and capable of causing disease in hospitals and community. Biofilm formation potential is another pathogenic strategy of Staphylococcus aureus which helps it to colonize on biomedical devices and results in worse consequences for patient and healthcare industry. This study was conducted on 6,424 biomedical indwelling devices which were supposed to be contaminated or infected by endogenous or exogenous pathogens. Of these biomedical devices, 4.420 (69%) were colonized by bacterial of fungal pathogens. Escherichia coli was most common pathogen, followed by Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter species, Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus aureus (CONS), Klebsiella pneumoniea, Pseudomonas species, Streptococcus species and Candida species. Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was isolated form 626 biomedical indwelling devices which were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing and biofilm formation studies. Standard microbiological and molecular methods were used for identification and confirmation of pathogens involved in biomedical device related infections. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed following the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. These 626 strains of MRSA subjected to SCCmec tying, agr characterization and restriction fragment length polymorphism. Phylogenetic analysis was performed based on 16S rRNA sequences of 16 selected strains of MRSA. ZS35C (MG757682), ZS39H (MG757684), ZS41C (MG757686) and ZS43C (MG757688) were subjected to internalization by osteoblasts to understand the role of bbp and cna genes in development of osteomyelitis. Of 4,420 infected biomedical devices, 28.1% (1242/4420) were urinary catheters followed by 19.9% (882/4420) central venous catheters (CVC), 16.6% (736/4420) orthopedic implants, 12.2% (539/4420) Ventriculo-peritoneal/Ventriculoatrial (VP/VA), 12% (531/4420) endotracheal tube (ETT), 11% (490/4420) peritoneal dialysis catheters (PD). Of 626 isolates of MRSA, 23% (203/882) were isolated from CVC, 14% (69/490) PD, 7% Summary _________________________________________________________________________ xi (37/531) ETT, 30% (221/736) orthopedic implants, 5% (62/1242) urinary catheters and 6% (34/539) were isolated from VP/VA shunts. MRSA was isolated from 14% (626/4420) of infected biomedical devices and catheters. MRSA was confirmed by cefoxitin disc method and amplification of mecA gene. Antibiotic sensitivity testing revealed that all MRSA isolated from biomedical devices were sensitive to vancomycin and linezolid. Of 626 MRSA, 79% were resistant to amikacin, 92% gentamycin, 96% tobramycin, 87% azithromycin, 46% doxycycline, 96% ciprofloxacin, 94% ofloxacin, 85% trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 72% clindamycin and 25% chloramphenicol. A correlation was established between community acquired MRSA (CAMRSA) and hospital acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA) for antibiotic resistance profile and no significant difference (p>0.05) between these two types of MRSA was observed. All strains of MRSA were subjected to SCCmec typing and 20% were found belonging to SCCmec II, 17% SCCmec III, 33% SCCmec IV, and 8% SCCmec V, respectively. None of the isolates of MRSA belonged to SCCmec I and 22% were not classified by this method. All strains typed by SCCmec were moderate biofilm producer except 20% of SCCmec IV which were strong biofilm producers. SCCmec typed strains were subjected to agr characterization and found 52% belonged to agr I, 12% agr II, 8% agr III and 14% agr IV. MRSA belonged to agr II were strong biofilm producers, all others were moderate biofilm producers. These characterized strains were subjected to RFLP and sixteen unique DNA band patterns were obtained after gel analysis. Sixteen strains were selected, one from each RFLP group for 16S rRNA ribotyping and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Adhesion genes were detected in 48 selected strain of MRSA and found 65% harbored clfA, 100% clfB, 85% fnbA, 60% fnbB, 83% eno, 92% fib, 60% cna, 60% sdrD, 69% sdrE, 93% icaA and 77% harbored icaD. High prevalence of adhesion genes showed these are indispensable for biofilm formation but participation of single gene couldn’t be determined accurately. SCCmec typing, agr characterization and adhesion genes detection was also conducted on 221 strains of MRSA isolated from bone and orthopedic implant related infections. Four strains were selected for adhesion and internalization by osteoblast, which is crucial for pathogenesis of osteomyelitis by MRSA. This study revealed ZS35C was internalized rapidly because it harbored bbp and cna genes which facilitated osteomyelitis. ZS41C was internalized at lower rate because it only contained bbp. Association of ZS43C to osteoblasts suggested that cna gene have role association of MRSA to osteoblast. Expression studies showed that bbp and cna were upregulated during internalization; bbp is complimentary for internalization and cna promoted association. Summary _________________________________________________________________________ xii Thymoquinone is biologically active component of Nigella sativa and showed excellent inhibitory effect against planktonic and biofilm form of MRSA, not only free living but established biofilm of MRSA was also eradicated by thymoquinone. This study concluded that CA-MRSA is emerging pathogen for biomedical device related infection. CA-MRSA is rapidly gaining resistance towards available antibiotic and will impose major threat to healthcare industry. There is no significant difference between CAMRSA and HA-MRSA regarding antibiotic resistance profile and adhesion genes frequency. This study also concluded that there is no significant relationship between antibiotic resistance profile, biofilm formation and adhesion genes in MRSA isolated from biomedical device related infections. For osteomyelitis bbp has major role and cna supports the development of osteomyelitis by MRSA. This investigation will help to understand the molecular pathogenesis of osteomyelitis and support us to manage the biomedical related infections especially orthopedic implant related infections. Thymoquinone is an active component of Nigella sativa and showed excellent antibacterial activity against planktonic and biofilm form of MRSA. Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of TQ was enhanced when used with antibiotics.