قدیم سودی مالیاتی نظام کا تحقیقی جائزہ

Ontemporary modern interest-bearing financial system, “economicsystem”, has become an integral part and the prevalent system reflects that in the modern progressive era of growth where other arts have seen progress than in the old days the modern interest bearing system has become a part of the financial development. Interest in the present era has being understood as a direction for financial growth and development of economy hence in some way or the other been tried to be enforced in to the Islamic world such that it becomes a need and no country can live without. And the objectives of this interest bearing system can meet their targets. In Muslim countries minds that do not have deep commitment with Islamic teaching have been convinced in a way that in the ancient days this level of interest was not needed as in the present era. So, on the interest of present day “riba” can’t be applied whose prohibition is proved by Islamic law. The impression that interest is the need of modern times in ancient times to modern times thislevel of interest is not required, nor was there any specifically organized circle like today concept the financial system may be of interest not only if favor of contemporary practice in the present, but also an extremely ancient system was out there and have some evidence of old banking practices. This article, with the vividness of ancient religions, has proved that “interest” in antiquity is as same as of today. The form of interest and its impacts aren’t get changed by the change in ancient or current business practices. Interest is interest, whether it is found in ancient religions or at theadvent of Islam or even after that in the modern day. It embodies the same “riba” whose prohibition is proved in the Islamic sharia.

Molecular Charaterization of Streptococcus Pneumoniae Surface Protein a Pspa in Pakistan Isolate

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) has a major role in morbidity and mortality of children as well as of the elder population worldwide. Pneumococcus causes pneumonia, otitis media in addition to invasive diseases such as bacteremia and meningitis, which are collectively called pneumococcal diseases or infections. Pakistan, a country located in South Asia, is the third largest contributor in pneumococcal infections, specially ‘pneumonia’ in the world (IVAC/PATH Pneumonia and Diarrhea Progress Reports 2013-2017), it makes an ideal scenario to begin with preliminary exploring of pneumococcus characterization. Above in view, first part of the present study was designed to determine the antibiotic susceptibility and serotype distribution of the pneumococcal isolates. Further studies were undertaken for pneumococcal surface protein A gene (pspA) family/clade distribution, in-silico determination of its antigenic sites, their fusion, cloning and recombinant pilot expression study in E. coli. Thirty-eight pneumococcal strains from patients with pneumococcal disease (PD) were collected from a local hospital. Antibiotic susceptibility tests indicated that all strains were susceptible to chloramphenicol and linezolid, while 80% were resistant to gentamycin. Serotype distribution revealed that 19F was the most prevalent serotype (23.6%), while ∼80% of the strains carried pspA gene belonging to PspA family 2 and clade 3. The in-silico determined PspA fusion protein was found antigenic in the immunoblotting assay. Recent epidemiological studies reveal that biofilm support and develop most human chronic infections. Keeping this, the second part of the thesis is focused on the characteristics of pneumococcal biofilm, grown on the biotic and abiotic substrate. Antibiotic susceptibility (erythromycin, 2μg/mL) and growth pattern of pneumococcal biofilm grown on biotic (Detroit-562 cells) and abiotic substrate (Thermonox coverslips) were evaluated. Results indicated that pneumococcal biofilm grown on immobilized biotic substrate challenge erythromycin more significantly than abiotic substrate. The similar results were obtained when the study was done using a bioreactor model, more xii than ∼90% increase in biofilm formation was noted when biotic substrate was provided for growth as compared to the abiotic substrate. The epithelial cells as well as the intercellular tight junction play an important role and are involved in the control of paracellular permeability. The S. pneumoniae colonize with epithelial cell layer, disrupted epithelial cells as well as tight junction, and translocate to other body parts, that promotes the development of pneumococcal invasive diseases. The third part of the study is concentrated on the analysis of invasive property of pneumococcus, using Trans Epithelial Electrical Resistance (TEER). In this study, two different types of epithelial cells, Detroit 562 cells (pharyngeal cells) and Calu-3 cells (lung cells) were used; substantial decline in TEER was observed in the pneumococcal infected epithelial cells. Our study presented that pneumococcus invades the epithelial cells and causes damage to epithelial cell barrier with cytopathic effects. It was also observed that the invasion of pneumococcus is independent of its biofilm mass density. Previous research findings have shown an adverse association between S. pneumoniae and S. aureus, present in nasopharyngeal carriage. But these epidemiological observations have no conclusive findings. The fourth part of the study was designed to demonstrate, how S. pneumoniae opposes and eradicate S. aureus. We have confirmed in this study that TIGR4, rapidly eradicated, preformed S. aureus biofilm, including biofilm produced by MRSA strain ‘USA300’. The eradication requires physical contact between S. pneumoniae and S. aureus. The requirement of physical contact was confirmed through confocal microscopy, colocalization experiments, and experiments utilizing a transwell system to separate the two bacterial species. The physical contact-mediated eradication was found very efficient as it completely eradicated a viable lawn of S. aureus biofilm with in 2 hours.