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چار اپریل کا وہ دن مجھے آج بھی اچھی طرح یاد ہے ۔کراچی میں ٹیپو سلطان روڈ پر واقع گھر کے باہر کھڑا تھا جب گلی گلی بٹنے والے خصوصی ضمیمے کی ایک کاپی میرے بھی ہاتھ آ گئی ۔اس لیے بھاگا بھاگا اندر دوڑا اور لا کر والد صاحب کے سامنے پیش کیا ۔انہوں نے ضمیمہ ہاتھ میں لیا ۔سرخی پر نظر پڑتے ہی جیسے سکتے میں آ گئے ۔آنکھیں جھپکنا بند ہو گئیں اور وہ بس اخبار کو تکتے رہے ۔کئی لمحے ایسے ہی گزر گئے میں نے انہیں ذرا ہلا کر پو چھا ۔’’آپ ٹھیک ہیں ‘‘انھوں نے گھور کر میری طرف دیکھا ۔ اس لمحے مجھے ان کی آنکھوں میں بہت غصہ نظر آ یا ۔جو جلد ہی گہرے صدمے میں بدل گیا ۔
ذوالفقار علی بھٹو کی پھانسی پر ہمارے گھر میں سوگ کا ماحول تھا اور ملک کے طول و عرض میں گہرا خوف ۔کسی کو یقین نہیں آ رہا تھا جنرل ضیاء اس حد تک جا سکتے ہیں ۔لیکن شاید ضیاء نے اپنی بقا کے لیے رحم کی تمام اپیلیں مسترد کر کے بھٹو کو تختہ ٔ دار پر لٹکا نا ناگزیر سمجھا ۔
ضیاء کے مارشل لا کی مخالفت کر نے والوں کے خلاف پہلے سے کریک ڈائون جاری تھا ۔ہر طرف ملٹری حکام کے ہاتھوں سیاسی کارکنوں کی پکڑ دھکڑ جاری تھی ۔خیر پور میں ہمارے گھروں پر فوجیوں نے چادر و چار دیواری کا تقدس پامال کرتے ہوئے چڑھائیاں کیں ۔خاندان کے کچھ مرد ادھر ادھر چھپ گئے لیکن دادا اور والد صاحب کو فوجیوں نے ہتھکڑیاں لگا کر پہلے تھا نے اور پھر جیل میں ڈال دیا ۔ایسے میں جیے بھٹو کا نعرہ فوجی آمریت کی مزاحمت بن گیا ۔ضیا اور اس کے ساتھی...
Hand sanitizers may help increase hand hygiene compliance as the results of invailability of basic needs for cleaning such as soap or water. Since alcohol has an irritating effect on the skin and burns quickly, it is currently discouraged as an active ingredient. Knowledge of covid 19 is critical for the world to have in order for individuals to be able to make informed choices on how to split the covid 19 transmission chain. This thesis employs a pre-experimental method that employs the One Group Pretest-Posttest Design approach. The paired t test was used to examine the relationship between the two variables, namely the betel leaf extract handsanitizer output preparation and the respondent's knowledge of the handsanitizer making process. Extension has an impact on increasing respondents' awareness of how to make natural hand sanitizers. The paired t-test findings indicate that the Sig. = 0.000 0.05, indicating that there is a discrepancy between the pretest and posttest. With a mean value of -5.967, this data indicates the average discrepancy between the pretest and posttest, with a range of -5.383 to -6.551 (95 percent CI), indicating that there is a difference between the pretest and posttest mean values, indicating that the pretest value has an influence on the post test. To stop the spread of Covid19, health care providers and the society must work together.
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have become the integral part of our daily life activities. These WSNs can utilize the unlicensed industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band to communicate the sensed data. The ISM band has been already saturated due to overlaid deployment of WSNs and other wireless technologies such as WiFi etc. To solve this problem, WSNs have been powered up by cognitive radio (CR) capability and this rise to a new type of network called as cognitive radio sensor networks (CRSNs). In CRSNs, the unlicensed users can utilize the unlicensed as well as licensed band opportunistically. The licensed users are called the primary radio (PR) nodes where as the opportunistic unlicensed users are called as secondary or CRSN nodes. By using CR technique, CRSN nodes can utilize the spectrum holes opportunistically avoiding the interference with PR nodes. CRSNs can be deployed for number of purposes such as dynamic spectrum access to cognitive radio nodes, opportunistic channel access, overlaid deployments of multiple concurrent networks, and communication under different spectrum regulations. The potential applications of CRSNs include indoor sensing applications, multimedia applications, multi-class heterogeneous sensing applications, and real-time surveillance applications etc. All these applications require high bandwidth for communication along with avoiding CR-PR interference. In this regard, novel techniques are required which can provide large bandwidth to CRSN nodes to support their data requirements. Channel bonding (CB) is a technique to provide wide band channel by combining multiple contiguous channels. By using channel bonding (CB) technique, CRSN nodes attempt to find and combine contiguous channels to avail larger bandwidth. In this PhD thesis, we have made several contributions. Firstly, we have provided an extensive literature review of CB schemes, made meaningful classification of CB approaches and highlighted the applications of CB in various networks. Next, we have enhanced network simulator NS-2 and proposed a framework for simulating CRSNs in NS-2. Third, we have proposed an algorithm Primary Radio Activity aware Channel Bonding algorithm (PRACB) to perform channel bonding in CRSNs. We have implemented our proposed scheme PRACB in NS-2 and compared it with three schemes sample width algorithm (SWA), cognitive radio networks over white spaces (KNOWS) and AGILE. We then evaluated the performance of PRACB in different PR activity regimes. The simulation results show that our algorithm significantly avoids CR-PR harmful interference and CB in cognitive radio sensor networks (CRSNs) provides greater bandwidth to CRSN nodes. Next, we have proposed two remaining idle time aware channel bonding schemes RITCB and RITCB-IP, which select channels for CRSN nodes based on remaining idle time. In the end, we have performed comparison analysis of our schemes and shown that intelligent channel selection effectively improves the delivery ratio of CRSN nodes. In addition, some future research directions have also been highlighted at the end of this thesis.