مارماڈیوک پکھتال
مارماڈیوک پکھتال انگریزی کے بلند پایہ انشاء پرداز انگریز تھے، مدت تک مصر اور ترکی میں رہے تھے اور وہیں اسلام کے تاثرات نے ان کے دل میں گھر کیا تھا اور اسلام کے سچے پیرو ہوگئے تھے، ۱۹۲۰ء میں لندن میں ان سے جمعہ کی نماز میں اسلامی جماعت خانہ میں ملاقات ہوا کرتی تھی، وہ بالکل مسلمانوں کی طرح نماز پڑھا کرتے تھے، جماعت خانہ میں ان کی ترکی ٹوپی نماز کے لئے رکھی رہتی تھی، جس کو وہ نماز کے وقت پہن لیتے تھے، لارڈ کرومر کے زمانہ میں مصر میں تھے۔
ترکی اور رواں عربی زبان بولتے تھے اور جانتے تھے، ترکوں کی ہمدردی میں طرابلس کے زمانہ میں کچھ رسائل لکھے تھے، لندن میں ان سے گھنٹوں باتیں ہوا کرتی تھیں، اس کے بعد ہی وہ بمبئی کرانیکل کے ایڈیٹر ہوکر آگئے، چنانچہ وہاں بھی ان سے ملاقات ہوئی، پھر وہ حیدرآباد دکن چادر گھاٹ ہائی اسکول کے ہیڈماسٹر اور وہاں کی سول سروس کے اتالیق ہوگئے تھے، اس زمانہ میں جب حیدرآباد جانا ہوا، محبت سے مجھے اپنے یہاں بلاتے رہے، اسی زمانہ میں قرآن پاک کا ترجمہ شروع کیا، غالباً ۱۹۲۷ء میں مدراس میں جب ان سے ملاقات ہوئی تو اپنے انگریزی ترجمہ کا ذکر کیا، اور سورۂ مریم کا ترجمہ دیکھنے کو دیا، وہ کہتے تھے کہ مولوی محمد علی لاہوری کے غلط سلط ترجمہ کو انگریزوں کے ہاتھوں میں دے کر شرماتا ہوں اور جی چاہتا ہے کہ اس کا ایک آتشیں ترجمہ کروں جو دلوں کو گرما دے، چنانچہ حیدرآباد کی مالی امداد سے مصر جاکر اس ترجمہ کو پورا کیا اور چھپا اور یہ ان کا بڑا کارنامہ ہے، یہ وہ نومسلم انگریز تھے جو ایمان کے ساتھ عملاً نماز و روزہ کے پابند تھے، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان پر رحم و کرم فرمائے۔
Islam is a complete code of life. It provides injunctions for every field of life. In economics it not only provides us details in finance and trade but also provides us information about "Halal & Haram". Needless to emphasize that economy plays an important role in the development of nation and financial matters cannot be ignored if development is a target. According to Islamic teachings all earnings must be lawful. Generally, new ways are being adopted to increase and generate wealth. Islam encourages to get more wealth and profit but no illegal means should be adopted for that. All kinds of fraud and unfair means while doing business must be avoided. Islam lays stress on using lawful and valid means in all economic activities. Scholars of Sub-continent have different opinions about the prevailing prize money schemes. Some scholars consider them lawful regarding some aspects but majority term them unlawful.
A bare salt-affected land was selected in the vicinity of a remnant grove of thorn forest community at Harappa archaeological site with the objective of rehabilitating minimum viable populations of thorn forest species. Monitoring of previously planted trees revealed spatial differences in species establishment with sites showing good, moderate and poor survival and growth. In order to successfully restore the site a complete set of experiments was designed, that based on in-depth analysis of microclimatic factors, species tolerance limits and fertilizer amendments. The results revealed that restoration of native plant community required the identification and modification of environmental factors that were impeding or restricting ecosystem development at this site. They also showed that the area is not uniformly saline but can be divided into sites of low (EC e < 60 mS cm -1 ), moderate (60-85 mS cm -1 ) and high (> 85 mS cm -1 ) surface salinity. Analysis of replaced soil showed accumulation of salinity in plant pits at all the sites in general and at high salinity site in particular resulting in greater plant mortality at that site. Difference in micro-topography was causing greater salinity built-up in the pits at high salinity site especially by monsoon overflows resulting in high plant mortality. A pot experiment designed to check the response of individual species to salinity and fertilizers showed a negative linear relationship between plant growth and biomass characters as they decreased with increasing salinity levels and were enhanced with increasing fertility. All tree species seemed to be salt tolerant to varying degrees. EC e value at which dry matter production would be reduced to 50% as compared to un-fertilized control plants was highest for Salvadora oleoides followed by Prosopis cineraria, Tamarix aphylla and Capparis decidua under low fertility and this sequence of decreasing salt tolerance was maintained when plants were supplemented by fertilizers. An in-situ experiment was conducted using soil replacement, gypsum and inorganic fertilizers as amendments on the three salinity sites. Three years monitoring suggested that enhanced Nitrogen and Phosphorus nutrition had a positive effect on all growth variables as availability of both in the soil was limiting. The effect was more pronounced at site of low salinity and in more tolerant S. oleoides and T. aphylla as compared to the other two species. Moreover remedial measures for the xivrevegetation of highly saline patches were experimented with nutritional amendments in combination with surface modification at high salinity site. Incorporation of farmyard manure (FYM) with physical barriers generated the greatest revegetation success in all species and was not only found to be biologically sound but also economically feasible restoration treatment. A total of 705 trees have been successfully established out of that 481, 132, 57 and 35 are of S. oleoides, T. aphylla, P. cineraria and C. decidua, respectively. After initial fertilization and two years of supplemental irrigation the plants are now not required to be nurtured. Three out of four tree species have started producing seeds and many trees are now acting as nurse plants and are facilitating the establishment of other species under them. With the arrival of avian dispersers natural recruitment can now be seen at many places. Ecosystem function parameters are indicating that this restored area is on a trajectory towards a self-sustaining ecosystem. Recommendations derived from this study have been incorporated in the site management plan and have been successfully implemented for the rehabilitation of adjacent area. With the accumulation of both above and below-ground biomass as well as litter and other woody debris this juvenile forest is now sequestering carbon and is contributing towards building viable populations of thorn forest species at Harappa archaeological site. The populations of both S. oleoides and T. aphylla have now attained a safe number while increasing the number of individuals of P. cineraria by reclaiming more area and initiation of seed formation in this species will also assure its population viability.