فروغ امن اور انسداد دہشت گردی میں عقائد صحیحہ کا کردار

Peace is the key source of all virtues. Unfortunately, since long all the world especially Muslim ummah is facing extremism and terrorism. It is very tragic are mostly those who are having the labels of Islam. One of the many reasons for this is the weakness of beliefs. Today many people have misconceptions about basic beliefs of Islam. Such people are responsible for destroying the peace of society. The best and easy solution to avoid all these riots and setting up peace is to focus on improving their beliefs. Without this the desire to establish peace is nothing more than a dream. In spite of the intention of eliminating the riots with the latest cameras, sensors, radar and all the richest resources available in the world's developed countries. There is not a single woman who travels far away from the remote and is not afraid of anyone except Allah. But the Islam, fourteen centuries ago, showed that a woman travelled alone from?ir? To Makkah and would not have been afraid of anyone except Allah. It was possible only when the prophet (pbuh) spent his life preaching in Makkah about the purification of beliefs. In history, it is always a tradition that whenever corruption is increased on earth, Allah altered this corruption by the prophets and all the prophets started their mission with correction of beliefs.

Development of Immobilized Laccase from Pleurotus Ostreatus Ibl-02 for Industrial and Environmental Applications

Laccases are oxidoreductases known as blue copper proteins as they contain copper atoms in their core structure.They catalyze oxidation of a variety of diphenols, polyphenols, amines, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons and simultaneously reduce molecular oxygen to water. These blue copper oxidases are widely disseminated among fungi, bacteria, insects and higher plants. The use of these ‘ecofriendly’ enzymes spans from paper and pulp industry to food applications and from textile industries to bioremediation processes as they have broad substrate specificity. In this project laccase was produced by Pleurotus ostreatus IBL-02 utilizing lignocellulosic waste material, wheat straw under pre-optimized conditions in solid state fermentation (SSF). Maximum yield (519.44 U/mL) along with 201.33 U/mg of specific activity was monitored in crude extract. The enzyme was then purified (3.4-fold) through a series of processes like ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis, ion-exchange chromatography by DEAE-Cellulose and gel filtration by Sephadex G-100. 67 kDa single band was observed by SDS-PAGE. Purified laccase was modified by various immobilization techniques like adsorption, encapsulation, covalent bonding and self cross-linking. Soluble and immobilized laccases was characterized via kinetic studies to analyze the consequence of temperature, substrate concentrations and pH on their activities. The presence of laccase in immobilized beads was confirmed by the use of Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. Native and immobilized enzyme were also utilizsed in different industrial applications like degradation of synthetic dyes, bio-remediation of dye based textile effluents and bio-stoning of denim jeans. The immobilized laccase showed better thermo-stability, reusability and sustainability during different environmental and industrial applications. The modified laccase as demonstrated to be an efficient dye decolorizer.