غیر مسلموں کے حقوق  اور انسانی جان کی حرمت : عہدِ نبویﷺ و خلفائے راشدین کی روشنی میں

غیر مسلموں کے حقوق  اور انسانی جان کی حرمت : عہدِنبویﷺو خلفائےراشدین کی روشنی میں Islam guarantees the protection of life, property, honour, and dignity of all the members of society, regardless of their religion, colour, race or ethnicity. Sanctity of human life is the fundamental issue and Islam emphasized on it the most. Holy Quran declared the murder of a single person as the killing of all humanity. Islam always secured the rights of non-Muslims. Protecting the lives, dignity and property of non-Muslim living in an Islamic state is a duty of a Muslims in general and the Islamic State in particular. The manner in which the rights of non-Muslims were protected in the era of the Prophet (S.A.W) and the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs is unprecedented. The Prophet (S.A.W) gave this protection constitutional and legal status through his teachings and practice. Our Holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) declared that “The one who killed any Dhmmī would not get the fragrance of Paradise though its fragrance can be sensed at a distance of forty years journey”. In the era of the righteous caliphs, the rights of non-Muslims were also safeguarded. This article is a description of the rights of non-Muslims with reference to the sanctity of human life in Islam. It also throws light on the unique teachings of Islam regarding the fundamental rights of minorities in the period of the Prophet and the Rightly Guided Caliphs. A descriptive and analytical research methodology will be used in this research to obtain results and recommendations. The expected results and recommendations of the study will guide the Muslims and non-Muslims to harmonize the social set up around the globe.

Integrated Use of Rhizobacteria Containing Acc- Deaminase Activity, Mineral Fertilizers and Compost to Improve Growth and Yield of Oil Seed Crops

Favorable alliance between rhizosphere bacteria and crop plants induced marked improvement in the plant growth. These beneficial microbes had directly and indirectly shaped plant growth through variety of growth promoting traits. Besides other characteristics, some rhizobacteria have distinguished ability to possess an enzyme 1- aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACCD), an immediate precursor of ethylene. Bacterial ACC-deaminase activity modulates endogenous production of ethylene in the rhizosphere thus endorse plant growth promotion. Hence, Use of beneficial bacterial inoculation was assessed through compost and varying level of mineral fertilization in order to improve growth, yield and quality attributes of oil seed crops under study. Organic amendment like compost not only provides an ideal tool for integrated nutrient management with PGPR but also represents a perfect substrate for microbial growth of diverse nature. Integrated effect of rhizobacterial inoculation with organic and inorganic amendments on sunflower and soybean was examined in a variety of experiments. Minimal salt medium with ACC as an ace source of nitrogen had been employed to isolate beneficial bacteria from rhizosphere of both oil seed crops. For authentification, these isolates were further monitored for their diverse plant growth promoting abilities under gnotobiotic conditions. Selected rhizobacterial isolates were further screened under pot experiment in addition to evaluate general growth pattern under pot experiments. Finally, based on performance under pot conditions rhizobacteria were chosen for field trials in two seasons (spring and winter) grown sunflower and soybean respectively. Characterization of selected rhizobacterial isolates was also carried out for several plant growth enhancing attributes. It had been viewed that ACC- deaminase based bacterial biotechnology improved growth, yield and qualitative features of sunflower and soybean through integrated management approach rather than sole inoculation and mineral fertilization