Zakat on Non-Agricultural Land Plots: Public Awareness and Fiscal Reforms

Zakat is although a compulsory obligation in Islam but is not paid compulsorily by the people. There are two main reasons; one is the ignorance about many things on which zakat is due, for example non-agricultural land and commercial plots etc. andsecond, ignorance about the mechanism through which it is paid. Thefirst aspect is related to public awareness and second aspect is related to the fiscal policy being enforced by the government collecting property and wealth taxes thus putting heavyfinancial pressure on the owners of real estate so as to compel them to avoid zakat andpay taxes. The paper explores the level of awareness among the general public about the payment ofzakat on non-agricultural land. Itfurther addresses the question that how the existing revenue structure need to be changed. For thefirst aspect, primary data with n=33 has been collected from the capital city of the province Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. For the second aspect the revenue structure of the government is reviewed tofind out the number of taxes on the possession, sale and purchase of commercial or nonagricultural land plots. Since taxes are in no way a substitute of zakat so it is further explored that if the existing taxes are replaced and zakat system would be properly enforced then how much is the net return. In order to estimate this net return, an interview has been conducted from the property dealers and also the figures are taken from government accounts to calculate a sample for the study area that is then generalized for the government returns at large. The results of the study show a high level ofignorance about zakat obligation on plots in the study area. The verdicts of the Islamic scholars also create difference of opinion, however, majority have approved the case in favor of payment. Since there is ignorance and people have to pay taxes so they avoid zakat and just pay taxes. A mechanism is needed for fiscal reforms to ensure the payment of zakat and to stop its substitution against taxes on land plots.

A Topology-Awareload Balancing Scheme in Data Center Networks

Datacenter networks are playing vital role to accommodate huge amount of data transmission such as in Giga/Tera bytes on multiple links. With this inevitable data transmission, some uncertainties like dynamic traffic behaviour, topology asymmetry and link failure, are major issues faced by Datacenter which result in poor performance. To handle such link failures in Datacenter network, load balancing scheme should be accurate especially path sensing and timely responses to mitigate the fallouts. Different solutions have been proposed to overcome these issues. Some of the proposed techniques are unaware about path conditions. They reroute at fixed data rate blindly. Others were capable for sensing the path condition but rerouting and adjusting the load balancing is very slow which degrade the performance. One of the good technqiue for solving the load balacing problem in Datacenter networks where multipath exits for higher data rate (parallel transmisson). That research required hardware changes, particularly for acqiuring accorate congestion feedback from end host and taking adaptiving decision for load balancing. Thus they can?t react timely to these uncertainties which results in reasonable performance degradation; especially in the worst situation to detect some issues like randomly packets drop as well as throughput of the channel. In this research, a solution has been proposed which focusses on two things (1) accurate timely acknowledgement of packet delivery, (2) Current load on each link. In our proposed work there is no need of hardware changes. We have achieved accurate response of acknowledgments of each packet delivery. This proposed scheme have been implemented using NS3 simulator. The results has been compared with the other existing solutions.