اجماع کی اہمیت شریعت اسلامی کی روشنی میں

Ijmāʿ is an important mode of Ijtihād and well known principle of Islamic Sharʿiah. Historically it is evident that incidence of Ijmāʿ )Consensus( restricted only to four Caliphates of Islam only. This Collective Ijtihād and Collective Opinion was actually the decision of the Islamic State followed and obeyed by the all Muslims specially by "Ṣaḥābah" (Companions of the Holy Prophet), this is why it is called Ijmāʿ-e- Ṣaḥābah. These decisions were applicable and binding to all Muslims living elsewhere in the world, because at that time there was centralized ruling system (Khilāfat-e-Wāḥidah). Now Muslim world has split into many states, so every state has its own decision making institutions and hence such Ijtihād and Ijmāʿ, Islamic Legislation Activities should be validated within those states as Ijtihād and Ijmāʿ except issues relevant to general interest as whole human being and all Muslims. In such issues International level consensus of Islamic Jurists would be required. "Ijmāʿ", actually it is the same processes. More over any "Ijmāʿ" held in a time period can be revoked by any new situation in future as per requirement of the time. It is the inevitable demand of dynamism of Islam to correlate it to every need of the time.

Characterization of Commerical Lipase from Indigenous Fungal Strains and Biomass

In this study, lipases were isolated from two locally screened fungal strains i.e. Aspergillus crevinus and Aspergillus niger, optimized statistically and purified via fractionation of ammonium sulfate and through Sephadex G-100 gel permeation chromatography. Lipases of A. crevinus and A. niger were 2.26-fold and 2.51-fold purified, having a specific activity of 223.60 U/mg and 233.66 U/mg, respectively. The molecular masses were estimated as 60 kDa for both strains by using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The maximum lipase activities of both strains were shown at 4 % (W/V) alginate (ALG) and chitosan (CTS). The uniform size 2.0 ±0.25 mm diameter of chitosan-alginate (CTS-ALG) beads was developed by using ultrasonically dispersed 2.0 % (W/V) chitosan and alginate with 0.5 % (W/V) glutaraldehyde by means of macromolecular crosslinking agents. The detergent compatibility, leather dehairing purposes, removal of fat and grease, and estimation of triglyceride hydrolysis, various parameters were recorded .The effect of temperature, pH , substrate concentration, incubation period, modulators, activators and inhibitors, solvents, stabilizers, and surfactant on purified free (PF) lipase, CTSimmobilized, and combined CTS-ALG-immobilized lipase fractions, and reusability profile of CTS-immobilized lipase of both strains were investigated. The CTSimmobilized lipase fractions of both strains were optimally active and stable at temperature (30-55 °C) and pH (5-11). The stability of CTS-immobilized and CTSALG-immobilized lipases of both strains was increased as compared to PF lipase. Subsequently incubation for 75 min, CTS-ALG-LAC3 (chitosan-alginate lipase A. crevinus) retained > 95% activity at temperature 75 °C and pH 8.0, and CTS-ALG-LAN3 (chitosanalginate lipase A. niger) also retained >90 % activity at pH 9.0 and temperature 65 °C. The present work engrossed on the utilization of recently formed CTS-ALG immobilized lipases for industrial. It is suitable additive in detergents, rendering its latent candidature for tannery and leather industry.