نبی کریم ﷺ کی خانگی و معاشرتی زندگی کے اہم پہلو

The Holy Quran Says: “Indeed in (the life of) the Messenger of Allah (Muhammad SAW) you have a good example to follow” (Al-Ahzab: 33/21). The present article shows that “the good example” of the Prophet (SAW) encompasses different aspects of human life including family and social one. The article brings to light that as a guardian of the household; the Prophet (SAW) sincerely looked after the daily needs of his family members and also took full care of guiding them in religious matters. He was habitual of doing his own works and sharing the burden of his family in domestic works. He gave preference to the needy among the companions (particularly Ashab-i- Suffah) over his family members in giving assistance for meeting the day-today requirements. With regard to the social life of the Prophet (SAW), the article discusses in detail that with multifarious duties, how he used to fulfill his social responsibilities regularly and faithfully. The author mainly emphasizes the active participation of the Prophet (SAW) in the collective works with his companions, strictly adhering to the principle of equality and desiring no distinction for himself while doing works. The article further takes into account the ideal practices of the Prophet (SAW) with regard to attending to the needs of poor, distressed and grieved persons without any discrimination between Muslims and non-Muslims. It also comes to light that the Prophet (SAW) was quite generous towards guests and sympathetic to patients including Muslims and non-Muslims. His mingling and associating with common people and attending to their problems of varied nature was also a striking feature of his social life. Moreover, it was also shown in the article with reference to the authentic sources, that the Prophet (SAW) was great helpful and cooperative particularly for the people of the weaker sections of society including slaves, servants, orphans, widows and disabled persons. In the light of the noble practices of the Prophet (SAW), this was highlighted by the contributor in the different parts of the article that he had left ideal examples of gentleness, justice, equality and transparency in dealing with people in social life and discharging his duties as the Prophet and head of the state. In fact, the total conformity (mutabaqat) between his sayings and practices was a shining example of his high character which had left a great and lasting impact on the society through ages and also contributed to make him the greatest personality of the world. It was observed by the author in the conclusion that the life of the Prophet (SAW) has been ideal from every aspect of human life. His Uswah-i- Mubarakah regarding social life has great importance from the point of view that it is mostly related to the fulfillment of human rights, particularly behaving and dealing with the people different shades. Of course, taking care and fulfillment of human rights is full of difficult trials and complicated problems especially in the present days. So, the Sirah of the Prophet (SAW) is quite relevant to tackle the problems of social life, as well as great useful for bringing reform in the decaying society of modern period.

Biosorption of Direct Dyes from Aqueous Solution Using Rice Oryza Sativa Husk

In the present research study, the biosorption of Everdirect Orange-3GL, Direct Red-31, Direct Orange-26 and Direct Blue-67 onto free, CMC immobilized, PVA-alginate immobilized and modified rice (Oryza sativa) husk was investigated in a batch mode using different process parameters like pH, particle size, biosorbent dose, initial dye concentration, contact time and temperature. Maximum biosorption capacity was observed at pH=1 for Everdirect Orange-3GL pH 3.0 for other three the dyes for free, immobilized and HCl treated biosorbent. The amount of dyes sorbed (mg/g) decreased with an increase in biosorbent dose and increased with increase in initial dyes concentration and temperature. Comparison of free, immobilized and HCl treatments showed that the HCl treated biosorbent exhibited the highest biosorption capacity 29.981mg/g (at 125 mg/l), 67.39 mg/g, 45.345 mg/g at 200 mg/l and 37.918 mg/g (at 200 mg/l) for Everdirect Orange-3GL, Direct Red-31, Direct Orange-26 and Direct Blue-67, respectively. The Langmuir Type 1 and 2 models were best fitted to experimental data for free, CMC, PVA-alginate immobilized and HCl treated biosorbent in case of Everdirect Orange-3GL dye, Direct Red-31, Direct Orange-26 and the correlation coefficient of Langmuir Type 2 was the highest for Direct Blue-67. The biosorption of all four dyes followed the pseudo-second-order and Elovich kinetic models suggesting a chemisorption mechanism. Negative values of (DG°) for direct dyes at high temperatures showed that the process was spontaneous in nature at high temperature. The positive value of DH° showed the endothermic nature of the process. The value of DS° suggested that randomness increased after adsorption of dyes. Due to high uptake capacity rice husk could be used as an effective biosorbent for the removal of direct dyes from aqueous solution. FT- IR, XRD, SEM studies and BET analysis were carried out to characterize the unloaded and dye loaded biosorbent. A 5 3 full factorial analysis experiment was also studied to determine the biosorption capacity of dyes onto rice husk biomass. Main and interaction effects were analyzed by ANOVA, F-test and p-values. The maximum biosorption was obtained at high initial dyes concentration, low biosorbent dose and low pH values for all dyes. In this research, the influence of electrolytes, heavy metals and surfactants on the removal of direct dyes (50 mg/L) was also examined. Industrial effluents were also removed by rice husk efficiently. Sorption/desorption studies showed that the rice husk biosorbent could be reused successfully and efficiently up to three cycles with four dyes.