المبحث الأول: الأدب النسائي
کان للرجال (الشعراء) دور کبیر في النثر والشعر، ولکن لا یمکن ان تنکر دور ومحاولات النساء(الشاعرات) في الشعر، ولکن في البدایۃ کانت تعتبر أشعار ومنظومات النساء شيئًا معیبًا ، فلا یھتم الناس بالشاعرات، اللّھمّ إلا شاعرۃ واحدۃ کانت في قمۃ الشاعرات المبدعات وھي ’’بدر النساء بیگم‘‘ وکان ذلك في عام 1192۔
ولم یظھر إبداع النساء الشاعرات الکبیرات ولکن ظھر القلیل منه في النصف الأول من القرن التاسع عشر المیلادي ولم يکن من حقھن أن يظھرن إلی الساحۃ الأدبیۃ مباشرۃ وقد ظلت أشعارهن بین الجدران۔
وجاء ذکر الشاعرۃ (حضرت بی بی ولید) التي لھا مجموعات شعریہ متعددۃ وکان ذلک فی القرن الثامن عشر المیلادي وقد توفیت في 1836، وھناک بعض الشاعرات اللاتي جاء ذکرهن في ذلک العھد ومنھن: خضیہ بیگم، بی بی حلیم چندا ماہ لقاء، سید النساء، حیدری خانم، سلطان بیگم سلطان، شمس النساء، رضیہ خاتون جمیلہ، فخر النساء حجاب، رحمت النساء بیگم، سیدہ سردار بیگم اختر وغیرھن من الشاعرات المشھورات ۔
وتعتبر ماہ لقا چندا صاحبۃ الدیوان (الأولی) في الشعر الأردو وقد تم ترتیب دیوانھا في 1798م، 1213ھ، ولکن ذکر نصیر الدین ھاشمي بأن الشاعرۃ لطف النساء تعتبر صاحبۃ الدیوان الأول والأقدم من ماہ لقا چندا لأنھا رتبت دیوانھا في 1212ھ وکان ذلک قبل ماہ لقاء بسنۃ واحدۃ ، وھناک الکثیرات اللاتي لھن الفضل الکبیر في الشعر النسائي ومنھن: نواب شاہ جھاں، رضیہ جمیلہ، عابدہ، زاہدہ خاتون شروانیۃ، وتقول عنھا الدکتورۃ فاطمۃ حسن بأنھا ولدت في 1896ء وتوفیت في 1922 وعمرھا آنذاک 26 عاماً. وتقول الدکتورۃ سلطانہ بخش عن زاھدہ خاتون بأنھا نظمت عدۃ أشعار ولکن تخلصها الشعري کان (زخ ش) وقد ولدت في 1894م ۔ ومن الأمثلۃ علی شعرھا:
میں شانے سے درگزری، أئینے سے باز آئی
اب دل ہی نہیں جس میں ہوذوق خود آرائی
ہر چیز کی صورت میں، ہوں نور کی مورت میں
ناظر نہ ہو جب...
The importance of this study is to reveal the truth of the case of the response of Imam Malik (179 e) - the leader of the School of Archeology - the story of the atheists by violating the work of the people of the city; The study resulted in the results of the most important response of this lawsuit for several reasons, the first of which is that the work of the people of the city is a frequent occurrence, Rather, the imam has an approach based on the introduction of the frequent on the individual, and that many of the issues of work are supported by the correct hadeeth, and the one that is contrary to it is apparent, and it is permissible to combine or say the copies when proven.
The study was designed to investigate the contributing force behind the heinous crime of honour killing. In this regard criminal thinking pattern of honour killers, other offenders and general population was assessed by using two samples. Sample 1 consisted of 72 incarcerated prisoners (26 honour killers and 46 other offenders/murderers who had killed people for other reasons than honour). Sample 2 was based on 302 subjects (126 male and 176 female) from general population. Personality profiles of transgressors (Sample 1) were examined through Neo Five factor Personality Inventory (translated Urdu version). They were further appraised on low/ high level of criminal thinking by administering “Texas Christian University Criminal Thinking Scale” (TCU – CTS, Translated Urdu version) and for evaluating their attitude towards honour killings an indigenous scale “Attitude towards honour killing” was used. Significant differences were observed among both the groups and criminal thinking was found to be a significant predictor of the positive attitude towards honour killing. Criminal thinking pattern of the general population and their attitude towards honour killing was also ascertained by the aforementioned instruments. The result determined association between criminal thinking and positive attitude towards honour killing in incarcerated population; however in general population the association was different. Among the general population in men, the correlation between criminal thinking and positive attitude towards honour killing was the same as the prisoners and in women the results indicated that there was no relationship between the two. The persons who scored high on the criminal thinking scales i.e. TCU-CTS also had positive attitude towards honour killings. Criminal thinking style of the four groups, i.e. honour killers, other offenders / murderers, men and women, was different i.e. honour killers had higher criminal thinking followed by other offenders, men and women. Educated people in both the samples, criminals and general population, had more negative opinion toward honour killing than the less educated people.