مولوی عزیز الرحمن
مولوی عزیز الرحمن صاحب کوئر یاپار اعظم گڑھ کے ایک شریف و نجیب خاندان سے تعلق رکھتے تھے، اردو کے مشہور ادیب و نقاد جناب شمس الرحمن فاروقی ان کے حقیقی بھتیجے تھے، جو اور اس خاندان کے دوسرے اشخاص بھی بڑے سرکاری عہدوں پر فائر ہیں۔ علمی و دنیاوی وجاہت کی طرح دینداری میں بھی یہ خانوادہ ممتاز تھا۔
مولوی عزیز الرحمن صاحب کی تعلیم مدرسہ الٰہیات کانپور میں ہوئی تھی اور انھوں نے الٰہ آباد بورڈ کے امتحانات بھی اچھے نمبروں سے پاس کئے تھے، ۱۹۲۵ء میں وہ شبلی نیشنل ہائر سکنڈری اسکول میں تدریس کی خدمت پر مامور ہوئے اور ۶۶ء میں ریٹائر ہوئے۔
مولوی صاحب کو قومی و ملی اشغال سے بھی سروکار رہا اور جمعیۃ علمائے ہند اور کانگریس پارٹی سے وابستہ رہے، اعظم گڑھ کے نسواں اسکول کے جواب گریجویٹ کالج ہوگیا ہے، بانی ارکان میں تھے، برسوں اس کے صدر بھی رہے۔
ملازمت کے ابتدائی زمانے سے دارالمصنفین آنے کا معمول بنالیا تھا۔ اس وضع داری کو اس وقت تک نباہا جب تک پیروں میں قوت رہی، انہیں مولانا سید سلیمان ندوی صاحبؒ اور مولوی مسعود علی ندوی کی مجلس میں باریاب ہونے کا شرف حاصل تھا، شاہ معین الدین احمد اور سید صباح الدین عبدالرحمن صاحبان اور دوسرے رفقا اور کارکنوں سے نہایت بے تکلف تھے، اس ناچیز پر بھی بہت شفقت فرماتے تھے۔
دو تین برس سے بالکل معذور اور خانہ نشین ہوگئے تھے، بالاخر ۲۸؍ اور ۲۹؍ دسمبر کی درمیانی شب میں واصل بحق ہوگئے، اﷲ ان کے درجات بلند کرے اور پسماندگان کر صبر جمیل عطا فرمائے، آمین۔ (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی۔ جنوری ۱۹۹۴ء)
This article reports the wash-back of formative assessment on what students learn, how they learn and the depth of their learning in Saudi higher education context. Previous research indicates that assessment methods affect different aspects of learning either positively or negatively depending on the nature of assessment tasks. Observations indicate a clear association between Saudi students’ learning and how their learning is assessed; so this research was needed to determine how exactly the correlation looked like—positive or negative. The data in this study were collected from Saudi undergraduates by employing a student survey and semi-structured interviews. The survey included Likert scale items of agreement regarding research assignments, quizzes and midterm examinations administered to 250 English-major students. To validate the survey results, sixteen students from different levels with GPA 3 and above were interviewed. The results showed that formative assessment narrowed down the scope of learning materials. The students mostly adopted surface level learning strategies to prepare for formative assessment tasks. Higher order thinking skills were not tested in any of the formative assessment methods. Therefore, it is suggested that assessments tasks should be subjected to thorough validation and moderation. Sound assessment practices should be put in place and practiced judiciously. To achieve these objectives, sustained institutional and departmental professional backing is a prerequisite.
The Indian Ocean has attained significance as center stage of world politics in current century. The regions of Asia Pacific & Atlantic were the main theatres of warfare generally in World Wars and specifically in cold war .Asia has emerged as epicenter of global politics in current timeframe. Indian Ocean politics has greatly affected the US policy in post-cold war and post 9/11 period due to growing Chinese and Indian interests and presence in the region. This triangular relationship between US, China and India has great implications on regional balance of power and especially on Pakistan. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the United States Policy in the Indian Ocean during post-cold war period from year 1990 to 2014. A comprehensive research has been done to determine the implications of US approach on Pakistan’s foreign and maritime policy. Although qualitative in nature but content analysis method has been adopted for research. Analytical, historical and descriptive approach has been employed to understand strategic moves from different angles. Apart from relevant primary data i.e. official reports and documents, interviews from naval officers and experts have been effectuated in order to fathom the expert view and to ample the study vision. It has been concluded that US reframed its policy through offensive realist perspective especially in Iraq and Afghanistan. United States approach was to subjugate Pakistan through coercive diplomacy in post- cold war and post 9/11 period. US have revised its Cooperative Security Strategy of 2007 as Cooperative security Strategy for 21 century in 2012: Forward, Engaged, Ready; it has shifted its focus to Asia Pacific after declaration of Asia Pivot policy. Pakistan had no other option except to look towards China in order to counter balance the growing Indo-US synergy in the Indian Ocean. US inclination towards India has turned into a challenge for Pakistan’s foreign and maritime policy makers. The need of the hour is to re-visit maritime and foreign policy of Pakistan keeping in view changing dynamics of Indian Ocean geopolitics.