کبھی نگاہوں کی چلمنوں سے نہ راز کہنا، فضا سے کہنا
غمِ جہاں کو تو زندگی بھر پڑے گا سہنا، فضا سے کہنا
رفاقتوں کا ہے دعویٰ تم کو تو اپنے دعوے کی لاج رکھنا
زماں، مکاں کی حدوں سے آگے بھی ساتھ رہنا، فضا سے کہنا
قدم قدم پر ہے خطرۂ جاں، وہ عزم اپنا بلند رکھے
یہ عشق دریا ہے اس کی فطرت ہے الٹا بہنا، فضا سے کہنا
وہ شوخ آنکھیں غزال جن پہ ہیں صدقے واری، مَیں کیوں نہ واروں
یہ چاند، بادل، دھنک، بہاریں، یہ حسن گہنا، فضا سے کہنا
گلوں نے کلیوں نے کترے دامن، قزح بھی آنکھیں چھپا رہی ہے
یہ نازکی کا لباس تم نے غضب ہے پہنا، فضا سے کہنا
Was divided into 72 firaq and my Ummat will be divided into 73 firaq. According the Muslim scholars, this figure contains interpretation and must be understood in broad based concepts of other ’Aḥādīth, teachings of Quran and objectives of Sharīʻah. For better understanding of underlying theme, the author has divided the article into four steps. First step dealt with the meanings of firaq and Ummah. In Second step, chain and text of ’Aḥādīth has been described. In Third step, opinion of scholars, Mujtahids have been quoted and in the end recommendations and suggestions are given.
Peace has always been one of the fundamental needs and urges of man. And yet it has been so elusive: despite his phenomenal progress in every domain of individual and collective life, man has not been able to find lasting peace, with himself and with others on this blue planet. With the invention of weapons of mass destruction and relentless arms race amid lingering conflicts among groups and states, the need for peace education has increased manifold. In order to forestall any of the existing conflicts in the world explode into third world war, governments and decision makers must turn to peace education as the most reliable and durable means of bringing peace to this war-torn world of ours. Peace education is a process of achieving peace, at personal, inter-personal, national and international levels, through education, both formal and informal, focussing on promoting universal brotherhood, global citizenship, international understanding and the culture of peaceful co-existence. Therefore, this research study is exclusively based on the formal mode of peace education. The area specified within this mode of education is the ―Awareness and attitude of teachers and students towards peace education atuniversity level in Pakistan‖. As research tools, two questionnaires covering the aspects of Awareness, Attitude and The General Institutional Environment of the respondents were prepared to get responses from a wide spectrum of the teachers and students across the country. Validity and reliability of the research tools were properly ensured as elaborated. In the first place, the research tools were placed before a panel of experts whose valuable input was incorporated accordingly. This was followed by pilot-testing of the questionnaires and, as a consequence, its further fine-tuning. In the final phase, the validity and reliability concerns related to the questionnaires were fully addressed through Factor Analysis. Ultimately, the questionnaire was distributed among a total of 770 target respondents. In all, 719 questionnaires were collected back, indicating 93.38 response percentage. The data thus collected was arranged, sifted and analysed through SPSS version 16. Following were the key findings of the study. There was negative correlation between awareness level about peace education and attitude towards the same. Majority of the respondents had high level of awareness about peace education. Majority of the respondents possessed high attitude expression, yet fall low with reference to the ratio of their awareness level. Male respondents were more aware about peace education in comparison to female teachers and students. And that, male respondents had higher attitude about peace education when compared with female respondents. In the light of the findings, suggestions and recommendations related to bringing about change in the mainstream education system in Pakistan have been made for policy makers, curriculum planners, educationists and researchers. The study, its findings and recommendations are expected to influence future policy formulation by those in the power corridors and also provide guidelines for others, individuals or organizations, in the field of peace education. Successful implementation of the agenda of peace education in Pakistan will, nevertheless, demand unwavering political commitment, sufficient resource allocation and a sustained policy of peace education, both at national and provinciallevel.