قراءات متواترہ وشاذہ سے تفسیر قرآن

Among different ways of exegeting based on narrative method (Tafseer bil-Ma’thoor), the most reliable form is to interpret the Quran by Quran itself. There are numerous ways in which Quran elaborates its meaning one of which is the use of Qira’aat (i.e. Dialectical method). The use of different variations of reciting Quranic words elaborates its meaning. An important point to note here is that the difference in Qira’aat corroborates the diversity in the meaning and their comprehensiveness not their inconformity. Qira’aat are categorized by the scholars in two categories: There are those that are narrated and transmitted by multiplicity (Tawaatur) while others do not fulfill such criteria and are therefore denoted by the term (Shaazzah). This papers seeks to substantiate the method of interpreting the Quran by both forms of Qiraa’aat and concludes that both of these were actually revealed by Allah and are both reliable in terms of exegeting the Quranic text

Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Secondary Metabolites from Vernonia Oligocephala Chemistry and Application of Green Solvents.

The present thesis consists of two parts, Part A deals with the isolation of natural products. Plants are being used as medicine since the beginning of human civilization, perhaps as early as origin of man. Healing powers are reported to be present in plants and therefore it is assumed that they have medicinal properties. The present Ph. D thesis deals with isolation of bioactive constituents from medicinally important plant of Pakistan namely Vernonia oligocephala. Part B deals with green solvents (ILs) and their chemistry. Mixtures of ionic liquids, ILs, and molecular solvents are used because of practical advantages. Solvation by mixture of solvents is, however, complex because of preferential solvation.