فقہ اسلامی اور مروجہ ملکی قوانین کے تناظر میں عذر کی جدید طبی اور نفسیاتی صورتوں کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ

Shariah is comprised of five main branches: adab (behavior, morals and manners), ibadah (ritual worship), i’tiqadat (beliefs), mu’amalat (transactions and contracts) and ‘uqubat (punishments). These branches combine to create a society based on justice, pluralism and equity for every member of that society. Furthermore, Shariah forbids to impose it on any unwilling person. Islam’s founder, Prophet Muhammad, demonstrated that Shariah may only be applied if people willingly apply it to themselves—never through forced government implementation. Muslim jurists argued that laws such as these clearly mandated by God, are stated in an unambiguous fashion in the text of the Qur'an in order to stress that the laws are in and of themselves ethical precepts that by their nature are not subject to contingency, context, or temporal variations. It is important to note that the specific rules that are considered part of the Divine shari'a are a special class of laws that are often described as Qur'anic laws, but they constitute a fairly small and narrow part of the overall system of Islamic law. In addition, although these specific laws are described as non-contingent and immutable, the application of some of these laws may be suspended in cases of dire necessity (darura). Thus, there is an explicit recognition that even as to the most specific and objective shari'a laws, human subjectivity will have to play a role, at a minimum, in the process of determining correct enforcement and implementation of the laws.

Identification of Gl13 Gene Polymorphism in Polydactyly Patients from Bahawal Nagar District of Pakistan

GLI3 gene is a well-known transcriptional repressor, majorly involved in developing the digits. As it is the promising gene for the digit development so recently many research is in process for exposure of potential application of this gene. The rapid increase of polydactylism in humans has led to more interest on the study of this gene from researcher and scholars. In this study we had taken the blood samples of 50 individuals including different families were collected, age ranges of the patients were from 3-75 years, and had symptoms from moderate to severe from different areas of District Bahawalnagar. Physical sings were used as the selection criteria. 3.5-4ml venous blood was drawn and stored into 50ml tube containing 400?l EDTA, labeled with code number. The results obtained through different characterization e.g. (inorganic method, DNA estimation, sequencing of PCR product and electrophoresis) for GLI3 gene exon 14. Thermo-cycler programs for the amplification of primers were not show any mutation in premier exons. Gel was visualized and in trans-illuminator and hence to ensure the amplified product. No further mutation has been observed in DNA strand. The DNA strands shows similar behavior of GLI3 exon 14 for effected and normal individual. The mutation in this specified GLI3 gene is not responsible for polydactylism. Therefore, GLI3 gene is not accountable for any mutation caused polydactylism in an individual.